Verfügbarkeit: Electron holography

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Titel:	Electron holography
Von:	Akira Tonomura
Person:	Tonomura, Akira 1942-2012 Verfasser aut
Hauptverfasser:	Tonomura, Akira 1942-2012 (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1999
Ausgabe:	2., enl. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Springer series in optical sciences 70
Schlagworte:	Electron holography Elektronenholografie
Online-Zugang:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008380054&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Beschreibung:	Literaturverz. S. 147 - 158
Beschreibung:	XI, 162 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3540645551

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. PRINCIPLES OF HOLOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.1 IN-LINE HOLOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 OFF-AXIS HOLOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 HOLOGRAPHY USING TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. ELECTRON OPTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.1 RAY DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.2 ELECTRON GUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.3 ELECTRON LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2 INTERFERENCE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 COHERENCE PROPERTIES OF ELECTRON BEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3.1 TEMPORAL COHERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3.2 SPATIAL COHERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1 IN-LINE HOLOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2 OFF-AXIS HOLOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5. ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.1 ELECTRON-HOLOGRAM FORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.1.1 RAY DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.1.2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 A) ELECTRON GUN AND ILLUMINATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 B) ELECTRON INTERFEROMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 C) RECORDING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5.2 IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.2.1 INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.2.2 PHASE-AMPLIFIED INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 A) OPTICAL METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 B) NUMERICAL METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 C) PHASE-SHIFTING METHOD IN OPTICAL RECONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . 39 D) PHASE-SHIFTING METHOD IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY . . . . . . . . 40 5.2.3 THREE- DIMENSIONAL IMAGING RECONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.2.4 REAL-TIME OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.2.5 IMAGE RESTORATION BY ABERRATION COMPENSATION . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.2.6 MICRO-AREA ELECTRON DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 IX 6. AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT: THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND THE INTERACTION OF ELECTRONS WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.1 WHAT IS THE AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.2 UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT: MODIFIED DOUBLE-SLIT EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.3 THE HISTORY OF VECTOR POTENTIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.4 FIBER-BUNDLE DESCRIPTION OF THE AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT . . . . . . . . . 56 6.5 EARLY EXPERIMENTS AND CONTROVERSY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.5.1 EARLY EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.5.2 NONEXISTENCE OF THE AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 A) NON-STOKESIAN VECTOR POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 B) HYDRODYNAMICAL FORMULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 C) DOUBTS ABOUT THE VALIDITY OF EARLY EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . 63 6.5.3 DISPUTE ABOUT THE NONEXISTENCE OF THE AHARONOV BOHM EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 A) NON-STOKESIAN VECTOR POTENTIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 B) HYDRODYNAMICAL FORMULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 C) DISCUSSIONS ON THE VALIDITY OF EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.6 EXPERIMENTS CONFIRMING THE AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . 66 6.6.1 AN EXPERIMENT USING TRANSPARENT TOROIDAL MAGNETS . . . . . . . 66 A) SAMPLE PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 B) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 C) DISCUSSIONS OF THE VALIDITY OF THE EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . 69 6.6.2 AN EXPERIMENT USING TOROIDAL MAGNETS COVERED WITH A SUPERCONDUCTING FILM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 A) SAMPLE PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 B) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 7. ELECTRON-HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 7.1 THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 7.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 7.1.2 EXAMPLES OF THICKNESS MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 7.1.3 OTHER APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7.2 SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 7.3 ELECTRIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 7.4 DOMAIN STRUCTURES IN FERROMAGNETIC THIN FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 7.4.1 MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 7.4.2 MAGNETIC DOMAIN WALLS IN THIN FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 7.5 DOMAIN STRUCTURES IN FINE FERROMAGNETIC PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 7.6 MAGNETIC DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 7.7 DOMAIN STRUCTURES IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.8.1 ELECTRIC POTENTIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.8.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 7.9 DYNAMIC OBSERVATION OF DOMAIN STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 X 7.10 STATIC OBSERVATION OF FLUXONS IN THE PROFILE MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 7.10.1 QUANTIZED FLUX (FLUXONS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 7.10.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7.10.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 7.11 DYNAMIC OBSERVATION OF FLUXONS IN THE PROFILE MODE . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.11.1 THERMALLY EXCITED FLUXONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.11.2 CURRENT-DRIVEN FLUXONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 A) EXPERIMENTAL METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1LL B) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.12 OBSERVATION OF FLUXONS IN THE TRANSMISSION MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.12.1 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.12.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 A) BEHAVIOR OF FLUXONS IN NB THIN FILMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 B) ESTIMATION OF PINNING FORCES OF DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 C) INTERMITTENT RIVERS OF FLUXONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 D) MATCHING EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 E) HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8. HIGH-RESOLUTION MICROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.1 PHASE CONTRAST DUE TO ABERRATION AND DEFOCUSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.2 OPTICAL CORRECTION OF SPHERICAL ABERRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.2.1 IN-FOCUS ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF A CRYSTALLINE PARTICLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.2.2 OFF-AXIS HOLOGRAM OF A CRYSTALLINE PARTICLE . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.2.3 IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.2.4 SPHERICAL ABERRATION CORRECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.3 NUMERICAL CORRECTION OF SPHERICAL ABERRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 9. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 SUBJECT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 XI
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publisher	Springer
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series	Springer series in optical sciences
series2	Springer series in optical sciences
spellingShingle	Tonomura, Akira 1942-2012 Electron holography Springer series in optical sciences Electron holography Elektronenholografie (DE-588)4218195-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4218195-1
title	Electron holography
title_auth	Electron holography
title_exact_search	Electron holography
title_full	Electron holography Akira Tonomura
title_fullStr	Electron holography Akira Tonomura
title_full_unstemmed	Electron holography Akira Tonomura
title_short	Electron holography
title_sort	electron holography
topic	Electron holography Elektronenholografie (DE-588)4218195-1 gnd
topic_facet	Electron holography Elektronenholografie
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008380054&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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