Gespeichert in:
| Titel: | Principles of the European Constitutional Law Rechtsstand: voraussichtlich März 2009 |
|---|---|
| Von: |
Armin von Bogdandy
|
| Person: |
Bogdandy, Armin von
1960- Verfasser aut |
| Hauptverfasser: | |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
Beck, C H
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. Aufl. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018703411&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Erscheint: Oktober 2009 |
| Beschreibung: | ca. 1125 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783406595844 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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IMAGE 1
SHORT CONTENTS
THE CONSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO EU LAW 1
ARMIN VON BOGDANDY ANDJIIRGEN BAST
PART I: DEFINING THE FIELD OF EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 9
1 FOUNDING PRINCIPLES 11
ARMIN VON BOGDANDY
2 FEDERALISM AND DEMOCRACY 55
STEFAN OETER
3 NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN UNION 83
CHRISTOPH GRABENWARTER
4 THE CONSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 131
ROBERT UERPMANN-WITTZACK
5 POUVOIR CONSTITUANT-CONSTITUTION-CONSTITUTIONALISATION 169
CHRISTOPH MOLLERS
6 ON FINALITY 205
ULRICH HALTERN
PART II: INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 235
7 THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 237
PHILIPP DANN
8 THE FEDERAL ORDER OF COMPETENCES 275
ARMIN VON BOGDANDY ANDJIIRGEN BAST
9 FOREIGN AFFAIRS 309
DANIEL THYM
10 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND JUDICIAL PROTECTION 345
JIIRGEN BAST
11 MULTILEVEL CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION 399
FRANZ C MAYER
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/99475826X
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
IMAGE 2
SHORT CONTENTS
PART III: THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE INDIVIDUAL 441
12 UNION CITIZENSHIP 443
STEFAN KADELBACH
13 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 479
JIIRGEN KIIHLING
14 FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 515
THORSTEN KINGREEN
15 THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE 551
JO'RG MONAR
PART IV: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIAL ORDER 587
16 THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION WITHIN THE INTERNAL MARKET 589
ARMIN HATJE
17 THE LABOUR CONSTITUTION 623
FLORIAN RODL
18 COMPETITION LAW AS PART OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 659
JOSEF DREXL
PART V: CONTENDING VISIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 699
19 THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A FEDERAL ASSOCIATION OF STATES AND CITIZENS
701 ULRICH EVERTING
20 THE EUROPEAN UNION OF STATES 735
PAUL KIRCHHOF
21 THE ADVANTAGES OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 763
MANFRED ZULEEG
INDEX 787
VM
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CONTENTS
PREFACE V
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXIX
TABLE OF CASES XXXI
THE CONSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO EU LAW-FROM TAMING INTERGOVERNMENTAL
RELATIONSHIPS TO FRAMING POLITICAL PROCESSES 1
ARMIN VON BOGDANDY ANDJIIRGEN BAST
I. THE IDEA OF THE VOLUME 1
II. THE STRUCTURE OF THE VOLUME 3
III. REACTION TO CRITIQUE 5
PART I: DEFINING THE FIELD OF EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 9
1 FOUNDING PRINCIPLES 11
ARMIN VON BOGDANDY
I. AIMS, THESES AND PREMISES 11
II. THEORETICAL ISSUES REGARDING THE UNION'S FOUNDING PRINCIPLES 13
1. FOUNDING PRINCIPLES AND CONSTITUTIONAL SCHOLARSHIP 13
2. THREE FUNCTIONS OF A LEGAL DOCTRINE OF PRINCIPLES 14
A) DOCTRINAL CONSTRUCTIVISM 14
B) THE ROLE OF LEGAL DOCTRINE FOR LEGAL PRACTICE 17
C) MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A 'LEGAL INFRASTRUCTURE' 17
3. PERSPECTIVES OF LEGAL AND INTEGRATION POLICY 18
III. GENERAL ISSUES OF A EUROPEAN DOCTRINE OF PRINCIPLES 20
1. THE SUBJECT MATTER 20
A) PRINCIPLES IN EUROPEAN LAW 20
B) THE UNION'S FOUNDING PRINCIPLES AND THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER 21
C) PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 23
2. ON THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF THE MEMBER STATES 24
3. UNIFORM FOUNDING PRINCIPLES IN VIEW OF HETEROGENEOUS PRIMARY LAW 26
IV. ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES 28
1. THE CREATION OF UNITY UNDER THE RULE OF LAW PRINCIPLE 28
A) RULE OF LAW AND SUPRANATIONAL LAW 28
B) THE EFFECTIVENESS PRINCIPLE 29
C) THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPREHENSIVE LEGAL PROTECTION 32
2. PRINCIPLES OF THE POLITICAL PROCESS 33
A) THE RULE OF LAW AND THE LEGALITY PRINCIPLE 33
B) PRINCIPLES OF THE ORDER OF COMPETENCES 35
C) THE PRINCIPLE OF THE FREE PURSUIT OF INTERESTS 37
3. PRINCIPLES OF THE COMPOSITE (VERBUND) OF UNION AND MEMBER STATES 38
A) THE COMPOSITE (YERBUND) AS A NEW PERSPECTIVE 38
IX
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B) A PRINCIPLE OF STRUCTURAL COMPATIBILITY OR A PRINCIPLE OF
HOMOGENEITY? 40
C) THE PRINCIPLE OF LOYALTY AND THE FEDERAL BALANCE 41
V ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE UNION 42
1. THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL LIBERTY 43
2. THE PRINCIPLE OF PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 45
3. THE RULE OF LAW PRINCIPLE 47
4. THE PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY 47
A) DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC FEATURES 47
B) THE PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY AND THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 50 C)
TRANSPARENCY, PARTICIPATION, DELIBERATION AND FLEXIBILITY 51 D)
SUPRANATIONAL DEMOCRACY: AN EVALUATION 52
5. THE SOLIDARITY PRINCIPLE 53
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS 54
2 FEDERALISM AND DEMOCRACY 55
STEFAN OETER I. INTRODUCTION: 'UNDERSTANDING THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A
FEDERAL POLITY' 55 II. THE DIFFERENT FEDERALISM DISCOURSES-AN OUTLINE 57
III. THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A MIXED SYSTEM OF A FEDERATIVE CHARACTER 59
IV THE BENEFIT OF FEDERAL ANALOGIES-OR THE CENTRAL STATE AS A
'LEITMOTIV' OF POLITICAL THEORY 62
1. THE QUESTION OF SOVEREIGNTY 63
2. 'DIVIDED SOVEREIGNTY' AND THE PRINCIPLE OF PEOPLE'S SOVEREIGNTY 64 3.
PEOPLE'S SOVEREIGNTY AND THE 'CONSTITUTION' OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 65 V
THE ROLE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY IN A FEDERAL COMMONWEALTH 68 VI.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF DEMOCRATIC RESPONSIBILITY-EXPERIENCES OF FEDERAL
SYSTEMS 72 VII. CONCLUSIONS: THE FEDERAL 'UNION' AS A PROMISING
CONSTRUCTION 78
3 NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN UNION 83
CHRISTOPH GRABENWARTER
I. INTRODUCTION 83
II. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNION LAW AND NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
84 1. FULL PRIMACY OF COMMUNITY LAW 85
2. LIMITED PRIMACY OF COMMUNITY LAW OVER CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 85 3.
PRIMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION 90
4. THE SITUATION IN THE LEGAL SYSTEMS OF NEW MEMBER STATES 91
5. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN JUSTIFICATIONS 93
6. THE LEGAL SITUATION ACCORDING TO THE LISBON TREATY 95
III. CONTENTS OF NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN
UNION 95
1. SOVEREIGNTY AND TRANSFER OF SOVEREIGN RIGHTS 95
2. STRUCTURAL SAFEGUARD CLAUSES 100
3. FEDERAL AND DECENTRALISED ENTITIES 102
4. THE POSITION OF NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS 108
5. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 116
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A) EXPANDING THE SCOPE OF NATIONAL GUARANTEES OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
DEMANDED BY COMMUNITY LAW: THE EXAMPLE OF THE RIGHT TO VOTE IN MUNICIPAL
ELECTIONS 116
B) INCREASING THE PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF
COMMUNITY LAW: THE EXAMPLE OF EQUAL TREATMENT OF MEN AND WOMEN 118 C)
REINFORCING AND CHANGING THE EFFECT OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS IN THE NATIONAL AREA 120
D) COMMUNITY LAW INDIRECTLY AFFECTING THE SCOPE OF NATIONAL GUARANTEES
OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 120
E) MATCHING NATIONAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WITH INCREASED STANDARDS AT
EUROPEAN LEVEL 122
IV CONCLUSIONS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND
UNION LAW 123
1. BODIES ACTING UNDER THE CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER 123
2. INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN THE CONSTITUTIONAL ORDERS OF MEMBER STATES
125 3. TYPOLOGY ACCORDING TO SUBSTANTIVE ORIENTATION: ADAPTATIONS THAT
ARE RECEPTIVE AND DEFENSIVE TOWARDS INTEGRATION 126
4. DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS A RECIPROCAL LINKING OF CONSTITUTIONS 127
4 THE CONSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 131
ROBERT UERPMANN-WITTZACK
I. A CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION: THE EXPOSURE OF A LEGAL ORDER TO
INTERNATIONAL LAW 131 II. GIVING INTERNATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW DIRECT
EFFECT WITHIN EC LAW 135 1. AUTOMATIC IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL
CUSTOM 135
2. ACCESSION TO INTERNATIONAL SUPPLEMENTARY CONSTITUTIONS 137
A) WTO 137
AA) ARTICLE 300(7) EC AS A STARTING POINT 138
BB) THE THEORY OF DIRECT EFFECT 139
CC) DELIMITING DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONS 141
DD) THE PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCITY 141
EE) THE SCOPE FOR NEGOTIATION 142
FF) UNILATERAL COUNCIL ACTION 144
GG) INTERNAL EFFECT WITHOUT DIRECT EFFECT 145
HH) THE ECJ BETWEEN MONISM AND DUALISM 147
B) ECHR 147
3. LEGAL SUCCESSION BY VIRTUE OF FUNCTIONAL SUCCESSION AND OTHER FORMS
OF INDIRECT OBLIGATION 149
A) GATT1947 149
B) ECHR 150
AA) LEGAL SUCCESSION IN A NARROWER SENSE 150
BB) DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY OF EC MEMBER STATES 151
CC) THE MEMBER STATES' RESPONSIBILITY TO GUARANTEE THE OBSERVANCE OF
HUMAN RIGHTS BY THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 152
III. TRANSFORMING INTERNATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW INTO UNION LAW 153
1. INCORPORTION BY PRIMARY LAW 153
A) LEGAL SUCCESSION UNDER UNION LAW 154
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B) EXPLICIT INCORPORATION IN PRIMARY LAW-PARTICULARLY ARTICLE 6(2) EU
155
C) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 156
2. INCORPORATION BY SECONDARY LAW-THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UN SANCTIONS 157
IV. ASSESSMENT AND PERSPECTIVES 159
1. REASONS FOR DIFFERENT WAYS OF IMPLEMENTATION 159
A) ENSURING SOVEREIGNTY 159
B) EUROPEAN INTEGRATION THROUGH HUMAN RIGHTS 161
AA) INCREASING REFERENCE TO THE ECHR AND THE STRASBOURG COURT 161 BB)
INTENSIFIED REVIEW OF THE MEMBER STATES' ACTION 162
CC) ATTEMPTING AN EXPLANATION 163
C) A SPECIAL PROBLEM: UN SANCTIONS 163
2. THE LISBON TREATY 165
5 POUVOIR CONSTITUANT-CONSTITUTION-CONSTITUTIONALISATION 169
CHRISTOPH MOLLERS
I. CONSTITUTIONAL RHETORIC: LEVELS OF MEANING 169
II. THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES: TWO TYPES OF CONSTITUTIONS 170
1. FOUNDING OF A NEW ORDER: CONSTITUTION AS POLITICISATION OF LAW 171 A)
FOUNDATION OF A NEW POLITICAL ORDER 171
B) NORMATIVITY, SUPREMACY AND WRITTEN FORM OF THE CONSTITUTION 172 C)
RESULT 173
2. SHAPING OF THE POWERS: CONSTITUTION AS JURIDIFICATION OF POLITICS 173
A) LIMITING POWERS BY LEGALISATION OF GOVERNMENT 174
B) RESTRICTED NORMATIVITY OF THE CONSTITUTION 175
C) IN PARTICULAR: CONSTITUTIONAL TREATIES 176
D) RESULT 176
3. THE TRADITIONS CORRELATED: CONSTITUTION AS COUPLING OF POLITICS AND
LAW 177 III. BASIC POSITIONS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL DISCUSSION-A CRITICAL
INVENTORY 178 1. ASSIGNMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION TO THE NATION-STATE 178
2. CONSTITUTIONAL ELEMENTS-CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS 180
3. HETERONOMY, AUTONOMY OR FRAGMENTATION OF EU LAW 182
4. LIMITED RELEVANCE OF THE DISCUSSION FRONTS 184
IV THREE CONCEPTS OF THE CONSTITUTION IN EUROPE 184
1. POUVOIR CONSTITUANT -THE CRITERION FOR EQUAL FREEDOM 185
2. CONSTITUTION: THE EUROPEAN TREATIES AS A FORMAL CONSTITUTION FOR THE
UNION 189 A) THE TREATIES IN WRITTEN FORM 190
B) SUPREMACY OF THE TREATIES 192
AA) CONSTITUTION AS A LEGAL ARGUMENT-THE ECJ AND HIERARCHIES WITHIN THE
TREATIES 192
BB) SUPREMACY OF TREATY LAW 193
C) THE TREATIES AS A FORMAL CONSTITUTION: SUPRANATIONAL
OVER-JURIDIFICATION AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL POLITICISATION 194
3. CONSTITUTIONALISATION 195
A) COMMON EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-ESTABLISHING PRINCIPLES 196 B)
CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 197
C) ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISATION AND GOVERNANCE 197
XII
IMAGE 7
D) THE LEGITIMACY OF EVOLUTIONARY CONSTITUTIONALISATION 198
V EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-A LEGAL FIELD AND ITS ACADEMIA 199
VI. EPILOGUE: FROM CONSTITUTION TO REFORM 201
1. CONSTITUTIONAL DELIBERATION: CONVENTION AND INTERGOVERNMENTALISM 201
2. CONSTITUTIONAL MOMENTS: THE POLITICAL REMAINING OUTSIDE 202
3. CONSTITUTIONAL HONESTY: THE LIMITS OF CONSTITUTIONAL NOMINALISM 203
6 ON FINALITY 205
ULRICH HALTERN
I. ENTANGLED DISCOURSES ON FINALITY 205
II. POST-POLITICS AND LAW: THE STATE OF THE UNION 210
1. A CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW 210
2. THE UNION'S BIRTH FROM REASON 211
3. EUROPE AS STYLE, EXPERTISE AND PROJECT 212
4. EUROPE AS IMAGINED COMMUNITY 213
5. EUROPE'S ICONOGRAPHY 214
6. A CULTURAL-LEGAL STUDY OF THE UNION'S PROBLEM 216
III. THE MIDDLE GROUND: POLITICS GONE AWRY 217
1. EUROPE AND CONSUMER AESTHETICS 217
2. THE EU CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS CONSUMER AESTHETICS 218 3.
THE PROBLEM WITH CONSUMER AESTHETICS 221
IV POST POST-POLITICS: THE COURT STEPS IN 222
1. CAUTIOUS BEGINNINGS: KONSTANTINIDIS 222
A) ADVOCATE GENERAL JACOBS 223
B) THE COURT 225
C) CONCLUSION AND CRITIQUE 227
2. THE WAY FORWARD?-EVOLVING UNION CITIZENSHIP 227
V POLITICS AND POST-POLITICS 231
1. THE MURMURING NATION 231
2. EUROPE'S LEGAL IMAGINATION OF THE POLITICAL 232
3. FINALITY: EROS? CIVILISATION? 233
PART II: INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 235
7 THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 237
PHILIPP DANN
I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE 237
II. PAST RESEARCH AND RECURRENT QUESTIONS 238
1. ADDRESSING COUNCIL AND COMMISSION THROUGH PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES
239 2. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: THE PET OBJECT 241
3. CHANGING TIDES: RESEARCH ON INSTITUTIONS SINCE THE 1990S 242
III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: THE STRUCTURE OF EXECUTIVE FEDERALISM 243
IV THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 245
1. COUNCIL 245
A) FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION: MEMBERS, ORGANISATION AND COMPETENCES 245 B)
MODE OF DECISION-TAKING: MAJORITY-VOTING AND THE RESILIENCE OF CONSENSUS
247
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2. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 250
A) CO-ELECTOR: APPOINTMENT POWER AND NEGATIVE COMPETENCE 251
B) OVERSIGHT FUNCTION: CONTROL VIA ORGANISATION 254
C) CO-LEGISLATOR: LAW-MAKING BY CO-OPERATION AND CONSENSUS-BUILDING 255
3. EUROPEAN COMMISSION 257
A) THE PROBLEM OF LEADERSHIP 257
B) ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE: THE OUTLOOK OF A CONSENSUAL GOVERNMENT 258
C) FUNCTIONS: AGENDA-SETTER, MEDIATOR AND GUARDIAN 259
AA) AGENDA SETTING 259
BB) MEDIATING INTERESTS 259
CC) FEDERAL GUARDIAN 260
D) CONCLUSION AND AN UNRESOLVED PROBLEM OF LEADERSHIP 260
4. EUROPEAN COUNCIL 261
A) COMPOSITION AND FORM: THE IDEAL OF THE 'FIRESIDE CHAT' 261
B) FUNCTIONS 263
AA) STEERING COMMITTEE 263
BB) FINAL ARBITER AND CO-ORDINATOR 263
CC) TREATY NEGOTIATOR AND CONSTITUTIONAL MOTOR 264
C) CONCLUSIONS 265
AA) AN INSTITUTION FROM THE PLAYBOOK OF EXECUTIVE FEDERALISM 265 BB)
EUROPEAN COUNCIL AND EUROPEAN COMMISSION AS TWOFOLD GOVERNMENT 266
D) A THREEFOLD GOVERNMENT? THE LISBON TREATY AND THE NEW HIGH
REPRESENTATIVE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY POLICY 266
V LEGITIMACY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM 267
1. THE DILEMMA OF THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS 267
2. THE EP AND ITS REPRESENTATIONAL LIMITS 269
3. CONCLUDING PROPOSAL: A SEMI-PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY 271
VI. SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS 272
THE FEDERAL ORDER OF COMPETENCES 275
ARMIN VON BOGDANDY ANDJIIRGEN BAST
I. INTRODUCTION 275
II. THE CURRENT ORDER OF COMPETENCES 278
1. TERMINOLOGICAL AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 278
A) THE COMPETENCE REQUIREMENT AS AN EVOLUTIONARY ACHIEVEMENT 278 B) ON
THE SCOPE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ATTRIBUTED POWERS 280
C) EMPOWERING PROVISIONS AND SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF LEGALITY 283 D)
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COMPETENCES 284
E) UNION AND MEMBER STATE COMPETENCES 285
F) RULES REGARDING THE EXERCISE OF POWERS 287
2. TYPES OF FEDERAL COMPETENCES 287
A) EXCLUSIVE POWERS 289
B) CONCURRENT POWERS 290
C) PARALLEL POWERS 294
D) NON-REGULATORY POWERS 295
XIV
IMAGE 9
III. THE LISBON TREATY'S CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER OF COMPETENCES 297
1. THE PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATES' SOVEREIGNTY 297
A) THE BASIS FOR COMPETENCE 298
B) A CRITICALLY NARROW CONCEPT OF COMPETENCE? 299
C) PRESERVATION AND ENLARGEMENT OF ARTICLE 308 EC AS 'FLEXIBILITY
CLAUSE' 300 D) REINFORCED PROTECTION OF ESSENTIAL STATE FUNCTIONS AND
FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURES 300
E) THE ECJ AS GUARDIAN OF THE ORDER OF COMPETENCES 301
2. PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATES' SCOPE OF ACTION AGAINST IRREGULAR
EXERCISE OF UNION COMPETENCES 302
A) A REVISED PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY AND A RECONSTRUCTED PROTOCOL 302
B) INVOLVEMENT OF NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS 303
C) REVOCABILITY OF UNION LEGAL ACTS 304
3. TRANSPARENCY OF THE ORDER OF COMPETENCES 305
A) THE NEW PRESENTATION OF THE ORDER OF COMPETENCES 305
B) THE PERSISTENT ENTANGLEMENT OF UNION AND MEMBER STATES 307
FOREIGN AFFAIRS 309
DANIEL THYM
I. INTRODUCTION 309
II. CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS 310
1. PARTICULARITY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 311
2. TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 314
III. SUPRANATIONAL EXTERNAL RELATIONS 316
1. REACH OF COMMUNITY COMPETENCES 317
A) EXPANSIVE PHASE 317
B) CONSTITUTIONAL CONSOLIDATION 319
2. THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 320
3. SUPRANATIONAL DECISION-MAKING: PARLIAMENTARY DEFICIT? 323
4. SUBSTANTIVE CONSTRAINTS OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 326
A) JUDICIAL CONTROL 326
B) POLITICAL QUESTIONS? 328
C) SUBSTANTIVE ORIENTATION 329
IV INTERGOVERNMENTAL FOREIGN POLICY 330
1. INTERGOVERNMENTAL DECISION-MAKING 331
2. EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY IN MILITARY MATTERS 334
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL UNION LAW 336
V COHERENCE AND COMPLEMENTARITY 338
1. VERTICAL CO-OPERATION: EUROPEAN UNION & MEMBER STATES 338
2. HORIZONTAL CO-OPERATION: EUROPEAN UNION & EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 339 3.
UNITY OF EXTERNAL REPRESENTATION: REFORM PERSPECTIVES 341
VI. CONCLUSION 343
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10 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND JUDICIAL PROTECTION 345
JIIRGEN BAST
I. EXERCISE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY AND ITS JUDICIAL CONTROL AS
COMPLEMENTARY CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 345
II. SKETCHING THE DISCIPLINE'S DEVELOPMENT: INTERPLAYING DISCOURSES ON
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND JUDICIAL PROTECTION 348
1. THE ECSC AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE UNION: SUPRANATIONAL DECISIONS AND
DIRECT ACTIONS OF THE ENTERPRISES CONCERNED 348
2. THE EEC AS A LEGISLATIVE UNION: REGULATIONS AND INDIRECT JUDICIAL
PROTECTION 350 A) THE REGULATION AS THE STANDARD LEGAL INSTRUMENT 350
B) PRELIMINARY REFERENCES AS A MEANS OF LEGAL PROTECTION 352
3. LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN A COMPOSITE POLITY: DIRECTIVES AND
PROTECTION OF RIGHTS DERIVED FROM COMMUNITY LAW 355
A) DISCOVERY OF THE DIRECTIVE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF LEGISLATION 355
B) THE PROTECTION MANDATE OF NATIONAL COURTS 358
4. THE EU OF THE REFORM DECADE: PROLIFERATION OF INSTRUMENTS AND
DISCOVERY OF OLD AND NEW DEFICITS IN PROTECTION 359
A) FRAMEWORK DECISIONS AND THE DEFICITS IN LEGAL PROTECTION CONNECTED TO
THE PILLAR STRUCTURE 359
B) SIMPLIFICATION OR SYSTEMATISATION? OPTIONS FOR REFORM OF THE LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS 362
AA) THE CALLS FOR HIERARCHY AND SIMPLIFICATION 362
BB) THE CONTRIBUTION OF LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP TO THE REFORM OF LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS 364
C) SYSTEM CHANGE OR FINE-TUNING THE SYSTEM? OPTIONS FOR THE REFORM OF
JUDICIAL PROTECTION 366
III. DOCTRINAL ANALYSIS I: THE LONG ROAD TO FORMAL NEUTRALITY OF LEGAL
PROTECTION 368 1. THE CONCEPT OF REVIEWABLE ACTS ACCORDING TO ARTICLE
230(1) EC: THE GENERAL CLAUSE OF JUDICIAL CONTROL 368
2. THE CONCEPT OF CONTESTABLE DECISIONS ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 230(4) EC:
THE GENERAL CLAUSE OF DIRECT LEGAL PROTECTION 370
A) CHALLENGING DECISIONS ADDRESSED TO INDIVIDUALS 370
B) CHALLENGING DECISIONS TAKEN 'IN THE FORM OF A REGULATION' 371
IV DOCTRINAL ANALYSIS II: STRUCTURAL CHOICES REGARDING THE ORDER OF
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 373 1. STRUCTURAL CHOICE IN FAVOUR OF AN OPEN SYSTEM
OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 374 A) THE STRUCTURE OF ARTICLE 249 EC 374
B) NO EXHAUSTIVE ENUMERATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 374
C) LIMITS OF THE SYSTEM'S FLEXIBILITY 376
2. THE STRUCTURAL CHOICE IN FAVOUR OF A NON-HIERARCHICAL UNITY OF
SECONDARY LAW 377 A) EQUALITY OF LAW-MAKING INSTITUTIONS 377
B) EQUALITY OF LAW-MAKING PROCEDURES 378
C) EQUALITY OF BINDING INSTRUMENTS 379
D) EQUALITY OF TREATY-BASED AND DELEGATED ACTS 380
E) IS THE LACK OF HIERARCHY AN ANOMALY OF THE SYSTEM? 381
3. STRUCTURAL CHOICE FOR A DIFFERENTIATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
ACCORDING TO LEGAL EFFECTS 382
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A) THE REGIME OF VALIDITY: FORM-SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING
LEGALITY AND EFFECTUALITY 383
AA) REQUIREMENTS FOR TAKING EFFECT IN LAW 383
BB) LEGALITY REQUIREMENTS 384
B) OPERATING MODE AS THE KEY TO THE SYSTEM OF INSTRUMENTS 386
V LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND JUDICIAL PROTECTION AFTER THE LISBON TREATY 388
1. RESTRUCTURING THE LEGAL INSTRUMENTS: INVENTING THE EUROPEAN 'DOMAIN
OF LAWS' 388 A) SIMPLIFICATION 388
B) HIERARCHISATION 389
AA) A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO THE EUROPEAN CONCEPT OF LEGISLATION 390
BB) REINFORCING PUBLIC SCRUTINY AS THE DEFINING FEATURE OF THE CONCEPT
OF 'LEGISLATION' 392
2. INNOVATIONS FOR THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS 394
A) EXTENDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL STANDARD CASE: THE DISMANTLING OF THE
THIRD PILLAR 394
B) MODIFYING THE CONSTITUTIONAL STANDARD CASE: THE MODEST REFORM OF THE
ACTION FOR ANNULMENT 395
11 MULTILEVEL CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION 399
FRANZ C MAYER
I. TAKING STOCK: THE ECJ AND THE HIGHEST NATIONAL COURTS- CONFLICT OR
CO-OPERATION? 400
1. ADOPTING A PROCEDURAL PERSPECTIVE: THE DUTY TO MAKE PRELIMINARY
REFERENCES UNDER ARTICLE 234(3) EC (ARTICLE 267(3) TFEU) 401
A) SUPREME NATIONAL COURTS AND THE DUTY TO MAKE REFERENCES FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF EUROPEAN LAW 402
B) THE PRELIMINARY REFERENCE PRACTICE OF SUPREME NATIONAL COURTS 403 C)
THE NATIONAL SUPREME COURTS' REFERENCE PRACTICES-A MIXED BAG? 406 2. THE
COURTS' RELATIONSHIP FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SUBSTANTIVE LAW 407 A) THE
PERSPECTIVE OF THE ECJ 407
B) THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE HIGHEST NATIONAL COURTS 410
AA) THE GERMAN BVERFG 410
(1) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS: THE SOLANGE I AND SOLANGE II DECISIONS
(1974/1986) 411
(2) POWERS AND COMPETENCES: THE GERMAN MAASTRICHT DECISION (1993) 412
(3) THE CONSISTENCY OF THE BVERFG'S CASE LAW: CONTROLLING THE BRIDGE 415
BB) OTHER HIGH COURTS OF THE EU 15 415
CC) THE HIGHEST COURTS OF THE YOUNGEST MEMBERS OF THE EU 27 AND
PROSPECTIVE MEMBER STATES 418
3. INTERIM SUMMARY 420
II. ADOPTING AN ANALYTICAL AND A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 421
1. DEALING WITH THE QUESTION OF ULTIMATE JURISDICTION 421
2. ADOPTING A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 425
A) EXISTING APPROACHES 425
B) EMBEDDING THE PROBLEM INTO A MODERN CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTIONALISM 426
XVII
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AA) CLARIFICATION: WHAT CONSTITUTION? CONSTITUTIONS, VERFASSUNGSVERBUND
AND MULTILEVEL CONSTITUTIONALISM 427
(1) CONSTITUTIONS AND THE CONCEPT OF VERFASSUNGSVERBUND 427 (2)
MULTILEVEL SYSTEMS 429
BB) THE ROLE OF COURTS IN A MULTILEVEL SYSTEM 430
C) OBJECTIONS TO COMPOSITE AND MULTILEVEL EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL
ADJUDICATION 431
AA) ASYMMETRY 431
BB) THE EVAPORATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES-WHO IS TO DEFINE THE COMMON
GOOD? 434
CC) IS THERE ANY ADDED VALUE IN THEORIES OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES OF
ADJUDICATION? 434
3. INTERIM SUMMARY 434
III. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND
NATIONAL COURTS 435 1. THE COURTS AND THE CORE TOPICS OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM PROCESS 435 2. OPEN QUESTIONS 436
IV SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 438
PART III: THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE INDIVIDUAL 441
12 UNION CITIZENSHIP 443
STEFAN KADELBACH
I. INTRODUCTION 443
II. THE NOTION OF UNION CITIZENSHIP 445
1. HISTORY 445
2. THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP 449
A) NATIONALITY 449
B) CITIZENSHIP 449
C) UNION CITIZENSHIP 450
AA) NATIONALITY AS A CONDITION FOR UNION CITIZENSHIP 450
BB) UNION CITIZENSHIP AS A COMPLEMENT TO STATE CITIZENSHIP 451 III.
ELEMENTS OF UNION CITIZENSHIP IN POSITIVE LAW 452
1. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS BASED ON EC LAW 452
A) FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 452
B) SECONDARY LAW: UNION CITIZENS AS TAXPAYERS, WELFARE RECIPIENTS AND
CONSUMERS 453
2. RIGHTS OF UNION CITIZENS 454
A) FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 454
B) POLITICAL RIGHTS 455
AA) THE RIGHT TO VOTE AND TO BE ELECTED AT THE LOCAL LEVEL 455
BB) RIGHTS TO VOTE AND TO STAND FOR ELECTIONS TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
456 C) PETITION, INFORMATION, ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS 457
D) PROTECTION BY DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR AUTHORITIES 459
3. RIGHTS OF UNION CITIZENS AND PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION 461
A) THE LINK BETWEEN UNION CITIZENSHIP AND THE GENERAL PROHIBITION OF
DISCRIMINATION 461
B) DERIVATIVE SOCIAL RIGHTS 462
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C) DERIVATIVE CULTURAL RIGHTS 463
4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNION CITIZENSHIP AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 464
5. DUTIES OF UNION CITIZENS? 466
6. INTERIM EVALUATION 467
IV UNION CITIZENSHIP IN THE LISBON TREATY 468
V THE FUTURE OF UNION CITIZENSHIP 469
1. UNION CITIZENS IN THE EUROPEAN MULTI-LEVEL SYSTEM 469
A) CITIZEN STATUS AND IDENTITY 469
AA) THE MULTINATIONAL TRADITION 470
BB) UNIVERSALIST VISIONS 472
B) IDENTITIES OF CITIZENSHIP IN MULTI-LEVEL SYSTEMS 473
C) THE COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CITIZEN STATUS AND POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION 475
2. UNION CITIZENSHIP AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE 475
3. UNION CITIZENSHIP AND EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION-MAKING 477
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS 477
13 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 479
JURGEN KIIHLING
I. INTRODUCTION 479
II. PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION 482
1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION BY THE ECJ 483 2.
THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS DEBATE IN THE ERA OF THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 484
A) TIME FOR A RADICAL RE-ORIENTATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS? 484
B) CATALYST EFFECT, BUT NOT LEGALLY BINDING 486
C) CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND 'EXIT PROTOCOL'-CRACKS IN THE
COMMUNITY OF VALUES? 488
HI. CORE ELEMENTS OF A LEGAL DOCTRINE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 489
1. FUNCTIONS AND NECESSARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL DOCTRINE OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 489
A) FUNCTIONS OF THE LEGAL DOCTRINE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AGAINST THE
BACKGROUND OF DIVERGING FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS CULTURES 489
B) THE NECESSITY OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRESENT LEGAL DOCTRINE OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE ECJ 491
2. FUNCTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 492
A) POSSIBLE CLASSIFICATIONS 492
B) SUBJECTIVE (NEGATIVE) RIGHTS AND POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS 492
AA) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE (NEGATIVE) RIGHTS AND POSITIVE
OBLIGATIONS 492
BB) DUTY TO PROTECT AS CENTRAL POSITIVE OBLIGATION 493
CC) DERIVED PARTICIPATORY RIGHTS CORRESPONDING WITH THE POSITIVE
OBLIGATION TO GIVE ACCESS TO COLLECTIVE BENEFITS 494
DD) ORIGINAL RIGHTS TO PERFORMANCE CORRESPONDING WITH POSITIVE
OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE BENEFITS 495
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3. WHO IS BOUND BY FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS? THE REACH OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
496
A) THE BINDING EFFECT ON THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE EC AND THE EU 496
B) THE BINDING EFFECT ON THE MEMBER STATES AS A DETERMINANT OF THE
VERTICAL SCOPE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE UNION 496
AA) THE POSITION OF THE ECJ-FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF
APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY LAW 496
BB) THE FUTURE CONSOLIDATION OF THE ECJ'S POINT OF VIEW 498
CC) INCREASE OF THE CASE CATEGORIES (SITUATIONS)? 499
4. WHO MAY ASSERT FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS? 501
5. THE STRUCTURE OF EXAMINATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 501
A) OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM OF EXAMINATION 501
B) THE AREA PROTECTED BY FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND INTERFERENCE THEREIN 502
C) JUSTIFICATION OF AN INTERFERENCE WITH FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 503
AA) INTERFERENCE MUST BE FOUNDED ON A LEGAL BASIS 503
BB) LEGITIMATE OBJECTIVE 504
CC) THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY 505
(1) SUITABILITY 506
(2) NECESSITY 506
(3) PROPORTIONALITY IN THE NARROW SENSE 506
(4) DEGREE OF CONTROL AND MARGIN OF APPRECIATION 507
DD) THE GUARANTEE OF THE ESSENCE OF RIGHTS (WESENSGEHALTSGARANTIE) 510
D) PARTICULARITIES OF THE EXAMINATION OF THE EQUALITY PRINCIPLE AND
POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS 511
IV OUTLOOK: AN INSTITUTIONAL AND SUBSTANTIVE WORKING PROGRAMME 512
14 FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 515
THORSTEN KINGREEN
I. THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN THE JURISPRUDENTIAL DISCOURSE 515
II. THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN THE PROCESSES OF EUROPEANISATION AND
CONSTITUTIONALISATION 519
1. THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT I: THE HORIZONTAL RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE ECJ AND THE EUROPEAN LEGISLATOR 519
A) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS DURING THE EC CRISIS 519
B) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AFTER THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT 522
C) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN THE ERA OF CONSTITUTIONALISATION 523 2.
THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT II: THE VERTICAL RELATION BETWEEN
THE ECJ AND THE LEGISLATORS OF THE MEMBER STATES 525
A) FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AS MULTI-LEVEL NORMS 525
B) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL FEDERATION OF THE
EUROPEAN MEMBER STATES 527
3. TRANSNATIONAL INTEGRATION OR SUPRANATIONAL LEGITIMATION? 530
III. METHODOLOGICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTEXT ANALYSIS 532
1. THE THEORETICAL STRUCTURE AND SCOPE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 532
A) THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AS PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION 532 AA)
REVIEW OF AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AS RIGHTS OF
FREEDOM 532
IMAGE 15
BB) A NEW ATTACK ON THE KECK FORMULA: THE OPINION OF AG MADURO
IN ALFA VITA VASSILOPOULOS 534
B) CONSEQUENCES ON THE TEST OF THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE INTERFERENCE 538
2. THE RESERVATION OF STATUTORY POWERS 542
3. THE UNION AS ADDRESSEE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS? 543
4. THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS PART OF THE TEST OF PROPORTIONALITY OF
MEANS AND ENDS 543
IV THE HORIZONTAL EFFECT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 545
1. DIRECT HORIZONTAL EFFECT? 545
2. THE ALTERNATIVE: THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION 547
V. CONCLUSION 549
15 THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE 551
JORG MONAR
I. INTRODUCTION 552
1. RELEVANCE OF THE SUBJECT 552
2. SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT 553
3. METHODOLOGY 554
II. THE FUNDAMENTAL TREATY OBJECTIVE AND ITS CONCEPTUAL DIMENSION 554
1. THE AFSJ AS A FUNDAMENTAL TREATY OBJECTIVE 554
2. THE CONCEPT OF AREA 556
3. THE CONCEPT OF FREEDOM 558
4. THE CONCEPT OF SECURITY 559
5. THE CONCEPT OF JUSTICE 560
III. THE AFSJ IN THE TREATY ARCHITECTURE 562
1. THE PILLAR DIVIDE 562
2. IMPLICATIONS OF THE PILLAR DIVIDE 564
3. A CONTESTED DIVIDE 565
4. THE ABOLITION OF THE PILLAR STRUCTURE BY THE TREATY OF LISBON 567
IV DIFFERENTIATED PARTICIPATION AS A CONSTITUTIONAL COMPONENT OF THE
AFSJ 569 1. DIFFERENTIATION AS A CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE 569
2. THE OPT-OUTS 569
3. THE OPT-IN POSSIBILITIES 570
4. THE 'ENHANCED COOPERATION' POSSIBILITIES 571
5. THE POSITION OF THE SCHENGEN 'ASSOCIATES' 572
V AN AREA OF COOPERATION RATHER THAN INTEGRATION 573
1. THE COOPERATIVE ORIENTATION OF THE CURRENT TREATY FRAMEWORK 573
2. THE COMMISSION AND THE COURT AS (LIMITED) FACTORS OF INTEGRATION 575
3. THE REAFFIRMATION OF THE COOPERATION RATIONALE BY THE TREATY OF
LISBON 578 VI. THE PLACE OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN AN AREA OF COOPERATING
MEMBER STATES 578 1. THE INDIVIDUAL AS A PASSIVE BENEFICIARY OF THE AFSJ
578
2. TWO MISSED OPPORTUNITIES: THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND UNION
CITIZENSHIP 579
3. THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL 580
VII. CONCLUSIONS 584
XXI
IMAGE 16
PART IV: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIAL ORDER 587
16 THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION WITHIN THE INTERNAL MARKET 589
ARMIN HATJE
I. ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 589
1. RELEVANCE OF THE SUBJECT 589
2. TERMINOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 590
A) APPROACH 590
B) DEFINITIONS 591
C) DELIMITATIONS 592
3. THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 592
A) EXPANSION OF THE DEBATE TO A SUPERIOR REFERENCE SYSTEM 592
B) THE COMPOSITE CHARACTER OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 593 C)
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 593 4.
SCOPE FOR ECONOMIC POLICY FORMATION 594
II. A SYSTEMIC CHOICE AND ITS LEGAL GUARANTEES 594
1. THE CHOICE IN FAVOUR OF AN OPEN MARKET ECONOMY AND FREE COMPETITION
594 A) LEGAL QUALITY 595
B) CONTENTS 595
2. GUARANTEES OF A MARKET ECONOMY 596
A) PRIVATE AUTONOMY AS FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT FOR A MARKET ECONOMIC
SYSTEM 596
AA) THE ECONOMIC PARTICIPANT AS LEGAL PERSON 596
BB) INDIVIDUAL AND ENTREPRENEURIAL FREEDOM OF ACTION 597
CC) EQUAL RIGHTS FOR MARKET PARTICIPANTS 597
B) CO-ORDINATION THROUGH TRADE ON THE OPEN MARKETS 597
AA) ASSURED AVAILABILITY OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 598
(1) PRIVATE PROPERTY 598
(2) STABLE CURRENCY 598
BB) REDUCTION OF MARKET BARRIERS THROUGH FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 599 CC)
FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION 600
DD) LIMITED EXTERNAL ACCESS 600
C) COMPETITION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CO-ORDINATION 601
AA) LEGAL FRAMEWORK 601
BB) AREAS EXCLUDED FROM COMPETITION 602
CC) COMPETITION AND MARKET MALFUNCTION 603
3. GUARANTEES OF THE MARKET AND ECONOMIC POLICIES 603
A) GOALS OF COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES 603
B) INSTRUMENTS 603
C) CONSEQUENCES FOR A THEORY OF A EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 604
III. FORMATIVE SCOPE OF THE COMMUNITY IN ECONOMIC POLICY 604
1. INSTRUMENTS OF ECONOMIC POLICIES 604
2. AREAS OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIC POLICIES 605
A) REGULATORY POLICY (ORDNUNGSPOLITIK) 605
AA) OPENING THE MARKET BY APPROXIMATION 605
BB) LIBERALISING REGULATED MARKETS 606
B) PROCEDURAL POLICY 606
IMAGE 17
AA) FINANCIAL POLICY 606
BB) STRUCTURAL ASSISTANCE MEASURES 607
CC) EMPLOYMENT POLICY 607
DD) ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 608
C) DISTRIBUTION AND SOCIAL POLICIES 609
AA) DISTRIBUTION POLICY GOALS OF THE COMMUNITY 609
BB) SUPPLEMENTARY SOCIAL POLICY 610
(1) CO-ORDINATION OF THE SYSTEMS PROVIDING SOCIAL SERVICES 610 (2)
SUPPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL ACTIVITIES 610
CC) STARTING POINTS FOR EUROPEAN EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL ORDER 610 D)
FREEDOM OF CHOICE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF COMPREHENSIVE CLAUSES 611 3.
FORMATIVE BOUNDARIES 611
A) INCREASED EFFECTIVENESS OF MARKET INTEGRATIVE INSTRUMENTS 611
AA) LEVELS OF AUTONOMY 611
BB) PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 612
B) SUBSTANTIVE SAFEGUARDS 612
AA) PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY 612
BB) RESERVATION CLAUSES 612
(1) PROVISIONS SUPPORTING THE ESTABLISHMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF THE
INTERNAL MARKET 612
(2) PROVISIONS ENSURING UNDISTORTED COMPETITION 613
CC) EFFECTIVENESS 613
C) BURDEN OF JUSTIFICATION 614
AA) SUBJECTIVE RIGHTS AND THE NECESSITY OF JUSTIFICATION 614
BB) PROPORTIONALITY OR A MINIMUM OF INTERVENTION RULE 614
4. THE MONETARY UNION IN THE ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION 615
IV THE DISCRETIONARY POWER OF THE MEMBER STATES IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMIC
POLICY 615 1. NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 615
A) SYSTEMIC CHOICES 615
B) GUARANTEES OF A MARKET ECONOMY 616
C) INTERVENTIONIST TENDENCIES 616
2. MARKET RELEVANT DISCRETIONARY POWERS 616
A) REGULATORY POLICY REGULATIONS 617
AA) NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF PROPERTY OWNERSHIP 617
BB) GUARANTEES IN FAVOUR OF SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST 617 B)
SCOPE FOR PROCEDURAL POLICY FORMULATION 618
C) SCOPE FOR DISTRIBUTION POLICY 618
D) THE PROBLEM OF SYSTEM COMPETITION 619
3. LIMITS OF DISCRETIONARY POWERS 619
A) MARKET ECONOMIC ORIENTATION 619
B) QUANTITATIVE LIMITATION OF FINANCIAL INTERVENTION POTENTIAL 620
C) PROPORTIONALITY AS A LIMIT TO INTERVENTION 620
AA) LEGITIMISATION BASED UPON EUROPEAN STANDARDS 620
BB) APTITUDE AND NECESSITY AS PRECEPT OF MINIMUM INTERVENTION 620 V
PERSPECTIVES 622
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17 THE LABOUR CONSTITUTION 623
FLORIAN RODL I. INTRODUCTION 623
1. EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION AND SOCIAL ORDER 623
2. THE CONCEPT OF A LABOUR CONSTITUTION 625
II. THE EEC LABOUR CONSTITUTION AND THE SOCIAL COMPROMISE FOR
INTEGRATION 627 1. THE BASIC NORMS OF THE EEC LABOUR CONSTITUTION 628
2. THE FOUNDATION AND FUNCTION OF THE EEC LABOUR CONSTITUTION 629 A) THE
PROMISE OF NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS 629
B) THE SOCIAL COMPROMISE FOR INTEGRATION 630
3. THE FORM OF THE EUROPEAN LABOUR CONSTITUTION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 632
III. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE EU LABOUR CONSTITUTION 633
1. A SURVEY OF THE RELEVANT NORMS 633
A) RIGHTS 633
B) GUIDING NORMS 635
C) COMPETENCES 636
2. THE CORE PROBLEM OF MISSING CONGRUENCE 637
IV THE FORM OF THE EUROPEAN LABOUR CONSTITUTION 639
1. AN INTEGRATED EUROPEAN LABOUR CONSTITUTION'IN THE MAKING'? 639 A)
MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EU LABOUR CONSTITUTION 639 AA) THE
INTRODUCTION OF AUTONOMOUS LABOUR-CONSTITUTIONAL COMPETENCES: THE SINGLE
EUROPEAN ACT (1987) AND THE SOCIAL
AGREEMENT OF MAASTRICHT (1993) 639
BB) THE CONSTITUTIONALISATION OF RIGHTS: THE COMMUNITY CHARTER OF THE
FUNDAMENTAL SOCIAL RIGHTS OF WORKERS (1989) AND THE EU CHARTER OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (2001) 641
CC) THE PROLIFERATION OF GUIDING NORMS: THE SOCIAL AGREEMENT OF
MAASTRICHT (1993) AND THE AMSTERDAM TREATY (1999) 642 DD) INNOVATIONS IN
THE TREATY OF LISBON 643
B) A HISTORICALLY AND POLITICO-ECONOMICALLY HARDENED ASYMMETRY 643 2. A
POST-REGULATORY LABOUR CONSTITUTION FOR THE EU? 645
3. THE EU LABOUR CONSTITUTION IN AN ASSOCIATION OF LABOUR CONSTITUTIONS
647 A) PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATE LABOUR CONSTITUTION AUTONOMY 647 AA)
HORIZONTAL PROTECTION: CONFLICT OF LABOUR LAWS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
647
BB) VERTICAL PROTECTION: EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW AND INTERNAL MARKET
LAW 650
B) COMPETENCES FOR A MARKET-FUNCTIONAL SUBSTANTIVE LABOUR LAW 651 AA)
ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW 652
BB) THE HARMONISATION OF MARKETS FOR MACHINERY, PRODUCTION MATERIAL AND
FACILITY SITES 652
CC) THE HANNONISATION OF OTHER TECHNICAL AND SOCIAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY PROVISIONS 653
DD) THE LABOUR LAW ANNEX TO EUROPEAN COMPANY LAW 654 C)
TRANSNATIONALISATION OF LABOUR-CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS 654 AA)
TRANSNATIONAL FREEDOM OF EXERCISE OF PROFESSION 655
XXIV
IMAGE 19
BB) TRANSNATIONAL PARTICIPATION RIGHTS 655
CC) TRANSNATIONAL COLLECTIVE BARGAINING RIGHTS 656
V CONCLUSION 658
18 COMPETITION LAW AS PART OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 659
JOSEF DREXL
I. INTRODUCTION: BETWEEN THE LISBON TREATY AND THE ECONOMIC APPROACH 659
II. THE EFFECTS OF THE LISBON TREATY ON COMPETITION LAW 661
1. PROTECTING UNDISTORTED COMPETITION IN THE INTERNAL MARKET-STILL AN
OBJECTIVE OF UNION LAW? 662
A) ANALYSIS OF THE LISBON TREATY'S NEW PROVISIONS 662
B) THE GUARANTEE OF UNDISTORTED COMPETITION AS A LIMITATION TO THE
POSSIBILITY TO OUTBALANCE THE COMPETITION GOAL BY REFERENCE TO
CONFLICTING GOALS 664
C) HARMING THE 'STRUCTURE OF COMPETITION' AS AN ABUSE OF MARKET
DOMINANCE 665 2. REPOSITIONING THE GUARANTEE OF THE 'OPEN MARKET ECONOMY
WITH FREE COMPETITION' IN THE LISBON TREATY 667
III. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH TO COMPETITION LAW AS A RESPONSE TO AN
APPLICATION PROBLEM 669
1. HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISATION OF THE MORE ECONOMIC
APPROACH 669 A) THE BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATION ON VERTICAL AGREEMENTS OF
1999: THE NEW 'EFFECTS-BASED' APPROACH 669
B) DIRECT APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(3) EC 671
C) REFORM OF MERGER CONTROL LAW 672
D) REFORM OF THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 82 EC 673
E) REFORMING COMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENT AND STRENGTHENING PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT 676
F) CONCLUSION 679
2. LACK OF LEGAL CERTAINTY 679
3. MAKING PREDICTIONS ON FUTURE EFFECTS 681
4. THE EXCESSIVE CLAIM OF KNOWLEDGE 682
5. THE DISREGARD OF THE INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSION 684
6. PLEA FOR AN 'EVEN MORE ECONOMIC APPROACH' 684
IV THE OBJECTIVES OF COMPETITION LAW FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE 685 1.
CONSUMER WELFARE AS AN OBJECTIVE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW 685 A) THE
RECOGNITION OF CONSUMER WELFARE AS AN OBJECTIVE BY COMMUNITY
INSTITUTIONS 685
B) THE OBJECTIVE OF CONSUMER WELFARE IN EUROPEAN COMPETITION POLICY 685
C) CONSUMER WELFARE AS AN OBJECTIVE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER 686
2. THE CONSUMER SURPLUS STANDARD IN EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW 687 A) THE
ECONOMIC VIEW 687
B) THE LEGAL SITUATION UNDER EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW 688
C) THE CONSUMER SURPLUS APPROACH AND THE EFFICIENCY DEFENCE FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER 689
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3. CONSUMER HARM AS A REQUIREMENT FOR A RESTRAINT OF COMPETITION 690
A) THE ECONOMIC VIEW 690
B) PRACTICE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITION POLICY 691
C) THE CONSUMER HARM REQUIREMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN
CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER 692
4. CONCLUSION 693
V THE ECONOMIC APPROACH IN THE LIGHT OF CONSTITUTIONAL OBJECTIVES 694 1.
THE FREEDOM PARADIGM 694
A) THE ECONOMIC FREEDOM OF ACTION OF INDIVIDUAL MARKET PARTICIPANTS 694
B) PROTECTING THE FREEDOM OF COMPETITION 695
2. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 696
VI. CONCLUSION 697
PART V: CONTENDING VISIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 699
19 THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A FEDERAL ASSOCIATION OF STATES AND CITIZENS
701 ULRICH EVERLING I. INTRODUCTION 701
II. FOUNDATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 703
1. GOALS OF THE UNION 703
A) ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UNION 703
B) DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORIGINAL GOALS 704
2. THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A POLITICAL UNION 705
A) THE POLITICAL CORE OF THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 705
B) CONNECTION TO THE POLITICS OF THE MEMBER STATES 706
3. THE EUROPEAN UNION AS AN ECONOMIC UNION 708
A) OPENING OF THE NATIONAL MARKETS 708
B) COMPETITION POLICY AND OTHER ECONOMIC POLICIES 710
HI. THE INSTITUTIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 711
1. PECULIARITIES OF THE INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM 711
A) PLURALISM OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES 711
B) PARTICIPATION OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
712 2. THE UNION'S DECISION-MAKING PROCESS 713
A) MAJORITY DECISIONS 713
B) DELEGATION OF IMPLEMENTING MEASURES 715
3. COMPETENCES AND LEGITIMATION OF LAW-MAKING IN THE UNION 716 A)
DISTRIBUTION OF COMPETENCES 716
B) LEGITIMACY OF LAW-MAKING 718
IV. THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ORDER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 720
1. THE CONSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNION 720
A) DISCUSSION ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNION 720
B) ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNION 721
2. THE UNION AS A COMMUNITY OF LAW 722
A) PRINCIPLES OF THE RULE OF LAW 722
B) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 724
3. SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL PROTECTION 725
A) THE EUROPEAN JUDICIARY 725
IMAGE 21
B) JUDICIAL PROTECTION AND PROCEDURAL RULES 727
V THE LEGAL NATURE AND FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 729
1. THE POSITION OF THE MEMBER STATES IN THE UNION 729
A) THE IDENTITY OF THE MEMBER STATES 729
B) RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED ON THE MEMBER STATES 730
2. GROUPING THE VIEWS ON THE UNION'S LEGAL NATURE 731
A) AN ATTEMPT AT INTERPRETATION 731
B) SUMMING UP THE DIFFERENT VIEWS IN THE FEDERAL PRINCIPLE 733
3. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 734
20 THE EUROPEAN UNION OF STATES 735
PAUL KIRCHHOF
I. THE REJECTION OF THE TREATY ESTABLISHING A CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE
735
1. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY OF LAW AS A COMMUNITY OF MEASUREMENT 735 A)
THE DEMAND FOR MORE DEMOCRACY 736
B) NO CONSTITUTION-MAKING 737
2. THE INTEGRATION'S REALITY AND ASPIRATION 738
3. CONSTITUTION-A UNIFORM TEXT OR THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF A STATE? 739
4. A PERPETUALISING CONSTITUTION AND THE DYNAMIC ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT
740 II. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND EUROPEAN LAW 741
1. THE CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE APPLICATION OF EUROPEAN LAW
741 2. THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A UNION OF STATES 743
3. THE EUROPEANISATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 745
4. A MULTI-LEVEL MODEL? 745
III. THE STATE 746
1. STATEHOOD AND OPENNESS TO EUROPE 746
2. THE PEOPLE ENCOUNTERED IN LIBERTY 747
3. SOVEREIGNTY 748
4. NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE STATE 750
IV THE STATE IN A UNION 751
1. DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMON CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE
MAASTRICHT TREATY 751
2. SUPRANATIONALITY 754
3. THE VITALITY OF THE STATE DECLARED DEAD 755
4. THE MANDATE OF CO-OPERATION 756
5. MODERN FORMS OF BALANCE OF POWERS 757
A) THE LEGAL SOURCES 758
B) THE LIBERTY-ENSURING BALANCE OF POWERS 758
C) CORRECTNESS OF AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR DECISIONS 759
D) ORGANISATIONS FOR THE FUTURE AND THE PRESENT 760
AA) THE FUTURE-ORIENTED EUROPEAN POWER 760
BB) THE PRESENT-ORIENTED POWER OF THE MEMBER STATES 760
E) CO-OPERATION BETWEEN POWERS 761
6. A EUROPE OF STATES AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM 761
IMAGE 22
21 THE ADVANTAGES OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 763
MANFRED ZULEEG
I. THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION-A FACT 763
II. THE ADVANTAGES IN DETAIL 765
1. THE ADVANTAGES OF THE EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS 765
A) THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AS A COMMUNITY BASED ON THE RULE OF LAW 765 B)
THE TREATIES AS THE FOUNDATION OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 766
C) THE ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE 766
D) THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 768
E) LEGAL ACTS 769
2. TASKS AND OBJECTIVES 770
3. THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS 770
4. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES 772
A) DEMOCRACY 772
B) THE RULE OF LAW 773
C) FEDERATIVE PRINCIPLES 774
D) PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 777
5. THE EUROPEAN LEGAL ORDER'S STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 777
6. THE CONSTITUTION'S SCOPE 779
III. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 780
1. THE NEED FOR A CONSTITUTION 780
2. THE MANAGEABILITY OF THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION 781
3. THE LISBON TREATY AND THE FURTHER CONSTITUTIONALISATION OF THE UNION
781 A) ADJUSTMENT TO FUTURE CHALLENGES 781
B) FORM AND CONTENT OF THE TREATIES AFTER LISBON 782
C) THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNION POST-LISBON 782
D) THE STRENGTHENING OF DEMOCRACY AND THE RULE OF LAW IN THE EU 783 E)
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 783
F) THE DISTRIBUTION OF COMPETENCES BETWEEN MEMBER STATES AND UNION 783
4. DIFFERENTIATED CO-OPERATION INSTEAD OF RENUNCIATING INTEGRATION 784
IV FORECAST 785
INDEX 787
XXVM |
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| author | Bogdandy, Armin von 1960- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121435261 |
| author_facet | Bogdandy, Armin von 1960- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035845199 |
| classification_rvk | PS 3852 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)612106095 (DE-599)DNB99475826X |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 2. Aufl. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV035845199 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-11T16:39:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783406595844 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018703411 |
| oclc_num | 612106095 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | ca. 1125 S. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Beck, C H |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Bogdandy, Armin von 1960- Principles of the European Constitutional Law Rechtsstand: voraussichtlich März 2009 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäische Union Verfassungsvertrag Entwurf (DE-588)4825606-7 gnd Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4825606-7 (DE-588)4062801-2 (DE-588)4062787-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Principles of the European Constitutional Law Rechtsstand: voraussichtlich März 2009 |
| title_auth | Principles of the European Constitutional Law Rechtsstand: voraussichtlich März 2009 |
| title_exact_search | Principles of the European Constitutional Law Rechtsstand: voraussichtlich März 2009 |
| title_full | Principles of the European Constitutional Law Rechtsstand: voraussichtlich März 2009 Armin von Bogdandy |
| title_fullStr | Principles of the European Constitutional Law Rechtsstand: voraussichtlich März 2009 Armin von Bogdandy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of the European Constitutional Law Rechtsstand: voraussichtlich März 2009 Armin von Bogdandy |
| title_short | Principles of the European Constitutional Law |
| title_sort | principles of the european constitutional law rechtsstand voraussichtlich marz 2009 |
| title_sub | Rechtsstand: voraussichtlich März 2009 |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäische Union Verfassungsvertrag Entwurf (DE-588)4825606-7 gnd Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Europäische Union Verfassungsvertrag Entwurf Verfassungsrecht Verfassung Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018703411&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bogdandyarminvon principlesoftheeuropeanconstitutionallawrechtsstandvoraussichtlichmarz2009 |
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