Gespeichert in:
| Titel: | Přemysl Otakar II. král na rozhraní věků |
|---|---|
| Von: |
Josef Žemlička
|
| Person: |
Žemlička, Josef
1946- Verfasser aut |
| Hauptverfasser: | |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Tschechisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Nakl. Lidové Noviny
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Edice Česká historie
25 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024541731&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024541731&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Přemysl Otokar II., a king on the turn of ages |
| Beschreibung: | 752 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788074221187 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Žemlička, Josef |d 1946- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)134200845 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Přemysl Otakar II. |b král na rozhraní věků |c Josef Žemlička |
| 250 | |a Vyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Praha |b Nakl. Lidové Noviny |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 752 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Edice Česká historie |v 25 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Přemysl Otokar II., a king on the turn of ages | ||
| 600 | 0 | 7 | |a Ottokar Přemysl |b II. |c Böhmen, König |d 1232-1278 |0 (DE-588)118590898 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Ottokar Přemysl |b II. |c Böhmen, König |d 1232-1278 |0 (DE-588)118590898 |D p |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Edice Česká historie |v 25 |w (DE-604)BV045520379 |9 25 | |
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|---|---|
| DE-BY-UBR_katkey | 4838377 |
| DE-BY-UBR_location | UB Lesesaal Philosophicum 1: Bohemicum |
| DE-BY-UBR_media_number | 069039113428 |
| _version_ | 1835106594537340928 |
| adam_text | Obsah
746
Pár slov
úvodem
PŘEMYSL
OTAKAR
II.
I. STAV A LIMITY POZNÁNÍ
...........................9
1.
Král Přemysl jako téma
..........................
H
Dante o Přemyslovi
(11)
Přemysl a Karel Smělý
(12)
Stránský
(12)
Grillparzer
(13)
Palacký
(13) Lorenz (15) Redlich (17)
Novotný
(19)
Susta
(20) Kathan (20) Ottokar-Forschungen (21) Graus (21)
Barciak (21) Seibt (22) Hoensch (23)
Vaniček
(24) Österreichische
Geschichte (24)
Přemyslovci. Budování českého státu
(26)
2.
Pramenná výbava
................................26
Obtíže
s
prameny
(27)
Rozdílnosti pohledů
(28)
Druhé
pokračování
Kosmovo
(29)
Otacher ouz der
Geul
(30)
Český
diplomatář
(31)
Nekrologia
(32)
Formuláře
(32)
Jindřich z
hernie
(33)
Jindřich
Vlach
(34)
Mistr Bohuslav
(35)
II.
V ZAJETÍ KONTINUTY
..........................
37
3.
Atomizace regionu
...............................
™
České země v Evropě
(39)
Rok papežství
(41)
Císař
(42)
Heerschikte
(43)
Rozsah českého království
(44)
Zisk Rakous
(45)
Válka
s Uhry
(46)
Zlatá
buh
sicilská
(47)
Čechy a Říše
(49)
Osbbení císařské moci
(49)
Teritoriální
stát
(50)
Slib z
Kremie
(51)
Stav Pobka a Uher
(52)
Kumáni
(54)
Příbuzní
českého krále
(54)
Cizí majetky na českém území
(55)
4.
Vpůli cesty
.....................................
Evropská transformace
(57)
Demografické odhady
(58)
Města
(59)
Šlechta
(60)
Její začátky
(61)
Centra a regiony
(62)
„Pozemková
nobilita
(63)
Cesta Francie
(64)
...a cesta Čech
(65)
Potřeba nové
struktury
(65)
5.
Cím
byla hereditas
...............................
Šlechta a majetek
(67)
Statuta Konráda
II.
Oty
(69)
Pojem
hereditas
(70)
lus hereditarium
jako dědičné užívání
(72)
Církevní
majetky
(74)
Výsady Přemysla Otakara
II.
pro církev
(75)
Nedíl
(75)
Završování vlastnických trendu
(76)
6.
Jak se
rodil poddaný
.............................76
Studium venkova
(76)
Proměna jeho obyvatel
(77)
Sediaci
-
hosté
-
lidé
(78)
Imunity
(79)
Jejich typy
(80)
Nástup církevního
velkostatku
(81)
Převaha knížecího vlastnictví
(82)
Imunity, německé
právo a městské zřízení
(82)
„Hrad nahrazován vrchností
(83)
III.
SOUSTÁTÍ PŘEMYSLA OTAKARA
II
...............85
7.
Klikatá cesta vzhůru
.............................87
Kolmarská kronika
(87)
Poslední Přemyslovci
(88)
Odboj z let
1248
a
1249
a jeho následky
(90)
Pán a dědic království
(91)
Borešova
internace
(92)
Tmelící role dvora
(94)
Budínský mír
(95)
Země nad
Enží
(96)
Smrt Konráda
IV.
(97)
První pruská výprava
(98)
Otázka
římské kandidatury
(101)
Podvojná volba
(102)
Vztahy
s
pohkými
knížaty
(103)
Salcburk
(105)
Oldřich a Filip Sponheimští
(106)
Vpád
do Bavorska
(107) Mühldorf (108)
Štýrské události
(109)
Hrozba
z Uher
(110) Kressenbrunn (113)
Ohlasy vítězství
(114)
Mír
(115)
Pokus
o legalizaci levobočků
(116)
Rozvod
s
Markétou
(117)
Sňatek
s
Kunhutou
Haličskou
(118)
Pražská korunovace
(120)
Neutralizace Uher
(120)
8.
Od moře
к
moři až
к
hranicím světa
................121
Privilegium Richarda z Cornwallu
(122)
Pokusy o štaufské
kandidatury
(124)
Otázka privilegia o ženské
následnosti
(126)
Vladislav arcibiskupem v Salcburku
(126)
Obsazení Chebska
(128)
Vpád do Bavorska
(129)
Legát
Guido
(129) Konradin (130)
Druhá
pruská výprava
(131)
Projekt na pozdvižení Olomouce
(132)
Tyrolsko-
gorická hrabata
(133)
Tagliacozzo
(134)
Neapolské
popravy
(135)
Fridrich Wettinský
(136)
Plány
s
míšeňskou kandidaturou
(137)
Přemysl Otakar a papežská kurie
(138)
Poděbradská smlouva a její
úskalí
(140)
Smrt Oldřicha Sponheimského
(141)
...a její
následky
(143)
Filipův obrat
(144)
Smrt Bely
IV.
a nástup
Štěpána V.
(145)
Marchegg
(145)
První vlna uherské emigrace
(146)
Uherské klenoty
(146)
Válka se Štěpánem
(148)
Mírová smlouva
(150)
Cesta do Korutan
(151)
Narození Václava
II.
(152)
9.
Nové rozměry českých zájmů
......................152
Králova mobilita
(153)
Polsko a Slezsko
(153)
Zájem o „sever
(155)
Styky
s
církevní hierarchií
(156)
Sňatky nemanželských dcer
(157)
Ministerialita
(158)
Její pozice v Rakousích
(159)
Pax
Austriaca
(160)
Štýrsko
(161)
Korutany a Kraňsko
(163)
„Říše v
Ríši
(165)
10.
...a jejich světla i stíny
..........................166
Zlom v Přemyslově pozici
(166)
Šlechta v otakarovské „říši
(167)
Zlatá
Koruna
(168)
Města a patriciát
(169)
Městské fundace
(170)
Rakouský
a štýrský
„
urbář
(171)
První zásahy proti šlechtě
(172)
Zajetí štýrských
pánu
(173)
Sigfried z Mahrenberga
(174)
Zostření králova vztahu
к
mimočeské šlechtě
(176)
Eskalace finančních nároků
(177)
47
ш
soustátí
pkemysia
IV.
KRÁL V PULZUJÍCÍ SPOLEČNOSTI
...............179
12.
Kníže korunovaný na krále
......................181
Kníže a král
(181)
Čas korunovace
(182)
Pomazání
(184)
České snahy
o arcibiskupství
(185)
Alexandreida, dlaždice ze lvíkova
(186)
Dobrý
vládce
(188)
A dobrá vláda
(189)
Královská ideologie
(189)
Pátý král
Čechů
(190)
Nekropole
v Anežském klášteře
(191)
Styl vlády
(191).
12.
Tradice: dvůr, úřady, reprezentace
................192
Dvůr knížat
(192)
Královský dvůr
(193)
Sídelní a politický význam
48
Prahy
(194)
Dvě centra
(195)
Dvůr královny
(195)
Svědkové
Otakar
її
královských Min
(196)
Zábava a lovectví
(197)
Královská
kancelář
(198)
Kaple
(199)
Výbava úřadů
(200)
Příslušenství
číšnického
oficia
(201)
Komorník, maršálek, podkomoří a jiní
(202)
Nižší dvorský personál
(203)
Stav na Moravě
(204)
Obsluha
dvora
(204)
Jeho dodavatelé
(205)
Sňatky jako nástroj
spojenectví
(206).
13.
Opory: města, hrady, manství... a zemská církev
. . . .208
Majetky v transformaci
(208)
Taktika královské moci
(209)
Městské
otakarovské fundace
(210)
Finanční přínos
(212)
Královské hrady
nového typu v Čechách
(214)
...a na Moravě
(216)
Lucko
(216)
Kastelánství a purkrabství
(217)
Ustup zemských robot ve vztahu
k opevňování
(217)
Recepce lenních zvyklostí
(218)
První
doklady
(218)
Lenní systém biskupa Bruna
(219)
Chebský
ministeriálský okruh
(220)
Shodné prvky lenního práva
a emfyteuze
(220)
Lenní zvyklosti ve službách panstva
(221)
Neplach
o „Němcích
(222)
Loketsko
(222)
Kladsko
(222)
Trutnovsko
(223)
Bezdězsko
(223)
Další manské okruhy
(224)
Pozdější lucemburští
manové, leníci, nápravníci
(226)
Péče o lesy
(226)
Lovčí
a lesníci
(226)
Proměny ve skladbě vojska
(227)
14.
„Noví lidé a náběhy
к
profesionalizaci
...........227
Královo okolí: mezi tradicí a užitností
(227)
Bruno ze
Schauenburka
(227)
Jarek z Waldenberka
(228)
Rezervoár „nových
lidí
(229)
Hirzo/Hrz
(229)
Mincmistr
Eberhard (230)
Kumulace
úřadu
(231)
Pitroldové
(231)
Ondřej ze Všechrom
(232)
15.
Příjmy a výdaje královské komory
................232
Stránský o králových důchodech
(232)
Proměna jejich skladby
ve
13.
století
(233)
Příjmy z Rakous a Štýrska
(234)
Počátky berně
(235)
Berně obecní a zvláštní
(235)
Organizace výběru
(236)
Spojení správy berně
s
mincí
(237)
Kokktoñ
a provinciální
notáñ
(237)
Exploatace ložisek
na
Česbrnoravské
vrchovině
(238)
„Stříbrné výnosy
(239)
Správa
mince
(240)
Její pronájmy
(241)
Ceny nemovitostí
(242)
Postavení
Židů
(242)
Tendence
к
jejich ochraně
(243)
Otakarovská privilegia pro
Židy
(243)
Zatížení Židů
(244)
Konfiskace
ajiné
zisky
(245)
Odhady
příjmů z českých zemí
(246)
Knížecí a královská komora
(246)
Správa
komory,
nejvyšší komorník
(247)
Podkomoří
(247)
Jeho těsnější vazba
к
financím
(248)
Opatřovatel peněz nebo úředník?
(248)
Královský
pokbd
(250)
Hrob sv. Václava
(250)
Podvázanou „bohatství posledních
Přemyslovců
(251)
V. DVOJÍ ZEMĚ, JEDEN PÁN
........................253
16.
Kráfovství, země, markrabství
....................255
Středověký „stát
(255)
Diskuse o terminologu
(256)
Vratkost raných
„států
(257)
Zužování pojmu „Cechové
(258)
Společná pečeť
749
království
(259)
Rodící se dualismus státní moci
(260)
Regnum
bbsnŕmky
Boemie
(260)
Morava v Čechách
(261)
Výrazy pro Moravu
(262)
ѕоиѕШ
„Moravané
(262)
Od markraběte
к
markrabství
(263)
Království Čech pkemysla
a markrabství Moravy
(265)
Přemyslovy motivy
(267)
Proměny Otakara ii.
svatováclavské ideologie
(268)
Šlechtická „ohrada
(268)
Český lev
a moravská orlice
(268)
Stát a země
(270)
Zemská obec jako
reprezentant šlechty
(271)
17.
Kraj, hrad, panství
.............................271
Rozklad hradské správy
(272)
Osídlení
(273)
Nové provincie, okrsky,
Újezdy
(273)
Příklad Boleslavská
(274)
Rozrušování starých
kaštelanu
(276)
Usazování predikátu
(277)
Velké šlechtické
majetky
(277)
Testament Voka z Rožmberka
(278)
Smil
z Lichtenburka
(279)
Boreš z Rýzmburka
(279) Hartleb
z Myslibořic
(280)
Dluhy šlechty
(280)
Zbožné dary a příbuzní
(281)
Králův souhlas
(282)
Odúmrí
(283)
Dědické spory
(283)
Církevní
državy
(284)
18.
Zemská správa a soudnictví
.....................285
Zemské právo, mrav, obyčej
(286)
Jeho zdroje, tvůrci, obsah
(287)
Břetislavova
dekreta
(289)
Statuta Konráda
II.
Oty
(290)
Soud soudce
a soud vilika
(290)
Rozptyl pojmu
vilik
(291)
Vilikace
(291)
Privilegium pro českou církev
(294)
Vyjímání z provinciálních
úřadů
(294)
Tradiční pohledy na vznik zemského soudu
(295)
Novější
názory
(296)
Desky zemské a jejich původ
(298)
Původní účel
desek
(298)
Moravské desky
(299)
Ohraničování majetků
(300)
„Katastry , objezdy
(300)
Provinciální soudnictví
(301)
„Privatizování práv, svobod, soudnictví
(302)
Královské hrady
(302)
К
popravám a popravcům
(303)
Správní vrstevnatost
(304)
Vrchnosti
součástí státní a veřejné autority
(304)
Právní oblasti, soudní
okruhy
(305)
19.
Církev česká, moravská, univerzální
..............306
Náležitost otakarovských zemí do církevních provincií
(306)
Identifikace
českých diecézí se „zemí
(307)
Královská ochrana
(307)
Povinnosti
křesťana
(308)
Pohřby v klášterech
(309)
Zápas o patronáty
(310)
Diecézni
správa
(310)
Panovník a církev
(311)
Právo nucené
směny
(311)
Kouřimské případy
(311)
Kariéra děkana
Bartoloměje
(312)
Děkan Vít a další
testatori
(315)
Relace biskupa
Bruna
(315)
Morální stav kléru
(316)
Kostely jako objekty darování
a sporu
(317)
Limitace farností
(318)
Farní práva
(319)
Výbavy farních
kostelů
(319)
Svaté relikvie
(320)
Ataky na církevní majetky
(321)
Církev jako hospodář
(322)
Spory uvnitř církve
(322)
Dohoda
o Potvorovu
(323)
Papežská ochrana
(323)
Odpustky
(325)
Almužny
(326)
Delegování českých prelátů
(326)
Papežský fiskus
(328)
Výběr papežských důchodu,
kolektori
(328)
Petr
de
Ponte
Curvo
(329)
Další platby do Říma
(329)
Otakaru
20.
Nová zbožnost, dynastie a její fiindační aktivita
.... 330
Nová zbožnost
(331)
Ženská hnutí
(331)
Herburský klášter
v Brně
(331)
Zbožné urozené ženy a světice
(332)
Cisterciácká
a františkánská linie
(332)
Anežka Česká
(332)
Její klášter
a špitál
(333)
Křižovníci
s
červenou hvězdou
(334)
Kdo byla
Viléma?
(335)
Dynastičtí světci
(335)
Svatováclavský kult
(336)
Nové
kláštery
(337)
Zlatá Koruna
(338)
Vzorek
„ 1269 (339)
VI.
KONEC VELMOCENSKÝCH AMBICÍ
..............343
21.
Otakarovská „říše v evropské dimenzi
............345
Přemysl Otakar, Říše a papežství
(346)
Přemysl, Uhry
a Slovensko
(347)
Spojení
к
jihu
(348)
Styky
s
italským
bankovnictvím (349)Vědomýplán nebo souhra okolností?
(351)
22.
Král versus panstvo
............................352
Enikel: popis českých a moravských pánů
(353)
Přesuny
majetků
(354)
Osídlování pohraničí
(354)
Vstup královské moci
do pomezních hvozdu
(356)
Otázka vlastnictví
(357)
Královské
pevnosti
(358)
Hodnocení motivu vítkovské vzpoury
(359)
Opět Zlatá
Koruna
(361)
Dalimil a Neplach
(362)
Hradiště
(363)
Konfiskace
a směny
(365)
Ohraničování zeměpanských práv a majetku
(367)
Prostupnost hranice
(368)
Poděbrady
(369)
Budějovice
(371)
Čáslav
(372)
Tachov
(373)
Kladsko
(373)
Smilův Brod
(374)
Rakousko-štýrské „urbáře a české zemské desky
(375)
Panovník
a panské hrady
(376)
Královské hrady v nekrálovských
majetcích?
(377)
„Purkrabské predikáty
(378)
Žitava
(379)
Frýdlant,
Grabštejn
(380)
Šarfenštejn
(381)
Louny, Kadaň aj.
(381)
Rýzmburk
(383)
Osecký klášter, král a Rýzmburkové
(385)
Üsov
(386)
Brumov
(386)
Cvilín
(387)
Panské rody mizí z králova okolí
(389)
23.
Frankfurtská volba
.............................389
Smrt Richarda z Cornwallu
(390)
Ladislav
IV.
v Uhrách
(390)
Střídání exulantských skupin
(390)
Vpád do Uher
(391)
Uherské
královské listiny o bojích
s
Otakarem
(392)
Obléhání
Šoprone
(394)
Tlak na volbu v Říši
(395)
Přemyslovo vyjednávání
s
kurií
(96)
Jeho
„slovanství
(397)
Volba Rudolfa z Habsburku
(398)
Korunovace
v Cáchách
(399)
Úspěch porýnských
elektora
(399)
Habsburkové
(400)
Pozice krále Rudolfa
(401)
Ohlášení revindikací
(401)
Přemyslova
reakce na volbu
(403)
24.
Lyonský
koncil a první konfrontace
...............404
Druhý
lyonský
koncil
(404)
Změny v postojích bavorských
vévodu
(404)
Řehoř
X.
uznal Rudolfa
(405)
Dvojí revindikační
metr
(405)
Rudolfova taktika
(406)
České sbližování
s
vévodou
Jindřichem
(407)
Rudolf uděluje Korutany Filipovi
(408)
Přemyslovy
nabídky papeži
(409)
Tlak na Přemysla
(410)
Habsburská agitace
a propaganda
(411)
Vření v mimočeských državách
(412)
Pokus
o odboj v Rakousích
(413)
Fridrich Salcburský
(414)
Ztráta podpory
bavorských biskupů
(415) Acht,
aberacht
(415)
Tyrolsko-gorická
hrabata
(416)
Smrt Řehoře
X.
(417)
Otakarova bezpečnostní
opatření
(417)
Přípravy
к
válce
(418)
Postup říšského vojska
(419)
Zhroucení Otakarovy moci na jihu
(419)
Přesun od Teplé
к
Vídni
(420)
Odboj Vítkovců
(421)
25.
Tři smlouvy
...................................422
Vídeňská smlouva
(422)
Pokoření
(424)
Kořeny Habsburkova
úspěchu
(425)
Rozcestník názoru
(426)
Národní nota
(427)
Vítkovci
a Závis z Falkenštejna
(428)
Borešovy motivy
(429)
Cíle panské
revolty
(430)
Změny v úřadech
(432)
Vítkovci a král Rudolf
(434)
Perzekuce českých stoupenců za hranicemi
(435)
Dodatková
smlouva
(436)
Druhá dodatková smlouva
(437)
Královi lidé
(438)
VII.
MORAVSKÉ POLE
............................441
26.
Mezi válkou a mírem
...........................443
Zlatá Koruna
к
Plasům
(443)
Vstup princezny Kunhuty
do kláštera
(443)
Přemyslův list
(444) Oder
proti vzbouřencům
(445)
Udáhsti ve
Vratislavskú
(446)
Diplomatická
ofenziva
Prahy
(447)
Rudolfa německá knížata
(449)
Hledání finančních zdrojů
(450)
27.
Poslední boj: zrada, osud, náhoda?
...............450
Sraz vojska
(451)
Královo okolí
(451)
Váhavá taktika
(452)
Obléhání
Drozdovic a Lávy
(454)
Spojení habsbursko-uherského vojska
(454)
Místo střetnutí
(455)
Hodnověrnost „svědectví
(456)
Skladba a síla
vojsk
(457)
Účast Poláků
(458)
Postoj Jindřicha Dolnobavorského
(459)
Rudolfova převaha
(459)
Morálka českého vojska
(459)
Vidění
a proroctví
(460)
Den sv.
Rufa
(460)
Uspořádání šiků
(461)
Rudolfava
lest
(461)
Průběh bitvy
(462)
Zvrat a porážka
(463)
Otázka zrady
(464)
Milota z Dědic
(464)
Králova smrt
(465)
Rozporná mluva
pramenu
(465)
Antropologické
setření
(466)
Rudolfova relace
(467)
Uherské zprávy
(468)
Otakar jako vojevůdce
(469)
Závěr boje
(470)
Lidské ztráty
(471)
Mlčení nekrologií
(471)
7
S
1
ke kapitole
28.
Dny poté
.....................................472
Ozvuky bitvy
(472)
Otacher ouz der
Geul
(474)
Přemyslovy ostatky
ve Vídni
(475)
Rudolf na Moravě
(475)
Začátek „zlých leť
(476)
Epilog: Král uprostřed středověku
....................477
Přemysl Otakar a Karel z
Anjou
(477)
Fáze otakarovského
panování
(478)
Nový model vlády
(479)
Postavení krále
(479)
Hrady,
majetky, vlastnictví
(480)
Proč „král na rozhraní věků
(481)
Otázka
reforem
(481)
Zpráva Beneše Minority
(482)
Úpravy měr, vah,
752
mince
(483)
Otakarovská „říše
(484)
Citlivá místa
(484)
Nacionálni
Přemysl otázka
(485)
Král a panstvo
(486)
Německé dynastie a Slované
(488)
Otakar
и
Manifest
к
Polákům
(489)
Přemysl a římská koruna
(490)
Problém
integrity otakarovských zemí
(490)
Králova povaha
(491)
Spolupracovníci
(492)
Tělesný vzhled
(492)
Evropské trendy
(493)
Zrození habsburské moci
(494)
Poznámky
.......................................495
Prameny a literatura
..............................596
Seznam vyobrazení
................................691
Resumé: Přemysl Otakar
II. A King on the Turn of Ages
.....699
Rejstřík
.........................................706
Resumé
PŘEMYSL OTAKAR
II. A KING ON THE TURN OF AGES
699
RESUMÉ
Přemysl Otakar
II
(1253-1278),
the builder of a mighty state formation that spread
from Bohemia and Moravia to the shores of the Adriatic Sea, is one of the best-
known mediaeval rulers in the Czech national and historical tradition. He came
from the
Přemyslid
Dynasty, which ruled over Bohemia from the early 10th cen¬
tury until August
1306
when its last male member Wenceslas III was assassinated
in
Olomouc.
As a contrast, Austrian and German historiography identified
Přemysl
Otakar
in the spirit of an old
Habsburg
propaganda as one of the authors of the
downfall of the Holy Roman Empire that openly originated with the death of Em¬
peror
Friedrich
II
(1250)
and ended with electing Rudolph I of
Habsburg
(1273).
In the ensuing dispute between both kings,
Přemysl
was deprived of his non-Bohe¬
mian domains in
1276
(i.e. Austria,
Styria,
Carinthia and Egerland) and was finally
defeated and killed in another war with Rudolph
(1278).
The contrast between
the splendid rise, powerful position and the final quick downfall and death has
attracted not only writers, but also Czech, Austrian as well as German historians.
Přemysl
was born in circa
1233
as the second son of the King Wenceslas I
( 1230-
1253)
and, after his elder brother s death
(1247),
he was predestined to rule in the
Kingdom of Bohemia. Even before that, however, his father entrusted him with the
rule over Moravia. In
1251,
when the
Přemyslíds
successfully engaged in a fifth! for
the Babenberg Dynasty s inheritance (Austria and
Styria),
he became
lhe Duke
of
Austria. In order to secure his possession of Austria, he married Margaret, the sister
of the last duke of the Babenbergs. His father s death in September
1253
elevated
Přemysl
to the Bohemian throne in Prague.
Přemysl,
best known as
Otakar
in
foreign countries, managed to utilize the power vacuum within the Holy
Koman
Empire to include other regions in his core that contained Bohemia, Moravia and
Austria. He had a good relationship with both Roman kings who were elected to¬
gether in
1257
(i.e. Richard of Cornwall and Alfonso X of Castile) and did not need
to worry about trouble. He was favoured by the Roman papacy as well; it regarded
Otakar
as an advocate of its interest to the north of the Alps. This relationship,
however, was not as ideal as it is often claimed. His long-lasting enemies included
Hungary in the east and Bavaria in the west; they both had interest in Austria and
Styria.
Princes of the disintegrated Poland partly sided with Premysl s allies (mainly
the
Piast
dynasty in Silesia) and partly with the Hungarian king.
The first stage of fights for Austria and
Styria
closed in
1254.
Přemysl
managed
to hold Austria despite a great pressure from Hungary, but had to sacrifice
Styria,
which was annexed by Hungary. He signed the so-called Pax
Austríaca
(1254)
with
the Austrian nobility; it secured a share in the country s administration to the local
nobles. In the meantime,
Přemysl
strengthened his positions in the eastern Alps.
There he could rely on his cousins of the Sponheim family. The older
Ulrich was
the Duke of Carinthia
(1252-1269)
and ruled over Carniola (today in Slovenia),
the younger Philip was an archbishop in the important city of Salzburg. Through
them,
Přemysl
was able to influence Bavarian bishops
(Regensburg,
Passau, Freising
and others) who presented an important power factor in the region. The campaign
against the Bavarian dukes in
1257
was not successful, but the Styrian noblemen
/UU started taking refuge under Otakar s wings because they were displeased with the
otakarT nanl Hungarian rule.
Přemysl
did not hesitate; he supported the rebels and inter¬
vened militarily in
Styria,
which resulted in a war with the Hungarian king
Béla
IV. Both armies clashed in
1260
in the Battle of
Kressenbrunn
(correctly Groissen-
brunn) near the estuary of the
Morava
River into the Danube. One of the greatest
military clashes of its time ended in a crushing defeat of the Hungarian king who of¬
ficially had to give up
Styria.
Premysl s title was now the King of Bohemia, Margrave
of Moravia, Duke of Austria and
Styria.
From that time, Otakar s „empire assumed
clearly hegemonic positions in the Austrian Danube basin and eastern Alps.
It was in Premysl s tactical interest to make the Hungarian king an ally or at least
a loyal neighbour. This was to be achieved by marriages that followed signing peace
treaties. Premysl s niece from the Brandenburg Askaniers was to marry the second-
born son of
Béla
IV and indeed, the marriage finally proceeded in
1264.
However,
Premysl s step was even more dramatic. As his wife Margaret of Babenberg was much
older and could not be expected to give the king a son,
Přemysl
divorced her in
1261
and almost immediately married very young
Kunhuta,
king
Béla s
granddaughter.
Her father was Roman of
Galicia
and her mother was
Béla s
daughter Anna. The
royal couple was crowned at Christmas
1261
in St. Vitus Cathedral at Prague Castle,
the traditional place where Bohemian princes and kings were elevated.
Not only surrounding foreign countries, but also the domestic population lay
great hopes on King
Přemysl.
His prospects were really promising. From the be¬
ginning, he was known as an active supporter of courtly and knightly culture and
attracted the interest of minnesingers and poets. His Prague court transformed
into a busy societal centre where legations alternated and expensive entertainment
events were held.
Přemysl Otakar
was also well established in dynastic bonds and
managed to use them flexibly. His relatives and „friends included the Carinthian
Sponheims, Brandenburg Askaniers, Meissen Wettins and he was blood-related to
the
Piast
princes in Silesia, Bavarian Wittelsbachs and the Hungarian
Árpád
dy¬
nasty. There was in fact a power vacuum in the Empire; the papal curia remained
well disposed towards
Přemysl
although his mother was the cousin of the „cursed
emperor
Friedrich
II
(f
1250).
In the sixties, the Bavarian dukes were neutralized
and Prague maintained good relations with the Hungarian court as well. In
1266,
Přemysl
occupied Egerland and in winter
1267/1268
he undertook his second cru¬
sade to Prussia. He focused on Lithuania with its neighbouring territory, but the
Pope rejected a plan to transform the
Olomouc
bishopric into archbishopric that
would attend to the acquired northeast areas. The demand for Premysl s hereditary
lands (i.e. Bohemia and Moravia) to possess their own ecclesiastic metropolis, which
was one of the features of
lhe
„full kingdom , could not be achieved by the Czech
rulers for a long time (it did not occur until
1344
when the Prague bishopric was
elevated into archbishopric by merit of Charles IV). Hints that the king of Bohe¬
mia backed up potential accession of Frederic of Meissen, one of the grandsons of
emperor Frederic II, to the Roman throne was viewed with distrust. The earlier
tight bonds between Prague and Rome gradually became disrupted. Carinthia and
Carniola were to be included in the further territorial gains.
Přemysl
undoubtedly
prompted a meeting in
Poděbrady
in
1268
during which Duke
Ulrich
bequeathed
these lands to the king of Bohemia in case of his death. He took no heed of his /Ul
younger brother Philip who had previously had to renounce the Salzburg archiepis- RESUM
copal throne and did not even win any recognition as a patriarch in Aquileia. When
Ulrich
died in
1269,
Přemysl Otakar
annexed Carinthia and Carniola in a military
act. His control was recognized by the town of Pordenone and his authority spread
to Friaul on the north shore of the Adriatic Sea.
Otakar s „empire reached its maximum extent and measured
600
kilometres
from the north to the south. Nothing could match its territorial extent in the sur¬
rounding Kurope. Nevertheless, problems started to accumulate. As
Přemysl Otakar
could not perform his ducal functions particularly in
Styria
and Carinthia, he en¬
trusted his captains and hetmans that usually came from a different „country to act
as his deputy. What is worse, they often changed. The functions were frequently per¬
formed by persons who lacked orientation in the local circumstances. A very sensitive
issue connected with building new noble castles arose in Austria and the Southern
Alps where the king reserved the right to supervise their existence. This resulted in
conflicts that sometimes ended with capture and death of influential noblemen in
the
60s.
The clerical and secular princes viewed the spread of Otakar s empire to
the Adriatic Sea with distrust. The situation became even more complicated when
Otakar
lost control over the Salzburg archbishopric in
1270.
His relative Ladislaus
of Salzburg died and
Friedrich
of Walchen, who soon became the king s open enemy,
ascended the
archiépiscopal
throne. The death of the loyal
Béla
IV of Hungary repre¬
sented another loss. A part of the deceased
Béla s
family even found refuge with the
king of Bohemia.
Béla s
son Stephen V
(1270-1272)
as well as his successor
Ladislav
IV
(1272-1290)
reverted to a policy of confrontation with the king of Bohemia.
Пи;
Bohemian-Hungarian enmity was soon demonstrated in full strength.
It was more difficult to maintain such a large „supra-state than to gain and
conquer the individual lands. If
Přemysl Otakar
II wished to succeed, he had to
have a peaceful home background. In fact, his rule over Bohemia and Moravia
had a strongly progressive and modernizing character, so he is sometimes even
referred to as a reformist. Colonizing mountainous border areas entered a further
stage and settlement affected the higher ground of interior Bohemia and Moravia.
This process initiated a mass application of advanced organizational law forms,
especially the so-called German law, i.e. the Emphyteutic Law (ius Theutonicum, ius
emphyteoticum, ius hereditariumetc). It had a technical dimension (regular villages,
fields, etc.) and a legal dimension under which citizens of these villages
de
facto
became hereditary tenants and enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy.
Přemysl
Otakar,
however, became famous as a great supporter of towns and the bourgeoisie.
Although the Czech lands familiarized themselves with the first institutional towns
from in the 1220s, they truly expanded under Premysl s rule. When they emerged
in a single establishment, it was reflected in the regular layout of their areas
(České
Budějovice, Klatovy, Polička, Kouřim, Litovel,
etc.). Expansion of towns prompted
development of market economy; the town and the village cooperated economi¬
cally more closely. To satisfy requirements for more flexible and stabile currency,
Přemysl
put a new type of coin into circulation (the so-called medium and small
bracteates) which was enabled by finding silver around
Jihlava.
The king showed in-
/UZ
terest
in law sciences (perhaps in attempts for codification) and tried to unify meas-
OTAKAR
n
uring
and weight systems. A land court started working and land registers emerged
towards the end of Premysl s rule. They served for registration of exchanges and
transfers of the free noblemen s property. It seems, however, that the land registers
originally had a different purpose: they were to prevent transformation of old pro¬
perty and rights belonging to the king into noblemen s „free property. They had
fallen under the noblemen s control by the end of 13th century.
The king experienced growing problems with the domestic nobility. Its posi¬
tion dramatically changed in comparison with the earlier period. By the end of
12th century, the leaders and magnates (in Latin sources referred to as
comités,
primates, nobiles, etc.) still did not rely on large land properties, but worked on the
king s court and provinces as princely officers. They were rewarded with shares
from princely incomes and revenues, which they collected and demanded on the
one hand and used for building their power and careers on the other hand. Offi¬
cers (i.e. burgraves) administrating large princely administration castles (civitates,
urbes)
were particularly profiting; they gathered wages, allowances and debts of the
surrounding peasant population. At the break of the 12th and 13th century, when
the kings of Bohemia were awarded the hereditary royal title (in
1198,
certified by
the Golden Bull of Sicily in
1212),
the nobility quickly became emancipated. Tradi¬
tionally influential dynasties such as the Witigonen, Markwartinger and Hrabische
families started regarding administrative castles, offices with their revenues and
variously bestowed properties as their own „hatched property. The church too
started struggling for greater independence of its land properties.
Přemysl Otakar
responded with building his new support system. Besides the mentioned royal ci¬
ties, it concerned a network of new royal castles with the accompanying liege sys¬
tems. However, the nobles started building stone castles of the western type as
well, particularly in the colonized border areas where the powerful noble families
transferred the core of their power. The nobles, united in their common interests,
started organizing themselves in the so-called „land community which included
all owners of the „free land.
Tension and collisions emerged especially in places where the king started pre¬
venting further property expansion of powerful families through his supporters
(i.e. towns, castles and monasteries). What s more, the king started to demand re¬
turning castles and property that had previously been owned by the king, but which
the noble leaders regarded as their own. He either forced them into disadvanta¬
geous exchanges or confiscated them. This tension greatly increased due to the yet
unspecified quality of mediaeval ownership which was just in process. Both parties
were right in a way. On the one hand, the property really involved old royal and
princely property which the predecessors granted to
Přemysl
for administration or
as temporary possession, but on the other hand, the development had advanced
so far that Premysl s ideas were met with resistance. Although the king favoured
modernizing tendencies that approximated Central Europe to the more advanced
regions of Western and Southern Europe, he was conservative in this matter and
reverted to his predecessors style of rule.
Wars with Hungary reappeared in the early
70s.
They were outwardly success¬
ful for the Bohemian side, but they were exhausting. One of the two Roman kings,
/
U
І
Richard of Cornwall
(1257-1272)
died in
1272
and the German public opinion
RESUMÉ
(mainly towns, nobles and the church) demanded a unanimous vote of the Roman
king who would restore law and order. The king of Bohemia was one of the seven
electors who elected the Roman king. As the most powerful king of Central Europe,
his nomination was anticipated and, what s more, he could receive votes from his
allies
-
the Duke of Saxony and the Margrave of Brandenburg.
Přemysl Otakar,
however, remained passive in the final stage of the electoral negotiations. He tested
the ground in the papal curia, but he did not negotiate with other electors and, in
the decisive months, he waged a war against Hungary. As a result, Count Rudolph
of
Habsburg
(1273-1291)
was elected the Roman king at the beginning of
1273.
To
reach a unanimous vote, the Bohemian vote was replaced by a Bavarian vote.
At that time,
Přemysl
dwelled before the besieged
Sopron.
As soon as he heard
the result, he protested against the election of an „insignificant count and omit¬
ting his vote. In the meantime, King Rudolph strengthened his position. He came
from a very old family which had property in Swabia and Alsace. He realized that to
enforce his power he had to gain a strong territorial base. He announced at the very
start of his rule that all the imperial lands, duchies and property that were lost in
the „inter-rule period (interregnum), or at the time following
1245
must fall to the
Empire again. Although there were many such cases, he did not focus on his princely
allies, but from the start, he demanded non-Bohemian territories of
Přemysl Otakar
II, i.e. Austria,
Styria,
Carinthia and Egerland. It was difficult for
Přemysl
to assume
these territories as his fiefdom according to the tradition when the two powerless
kings ruled over the Empire. Although Richard of Cornwall confirmed the fiefdom
of Austria and
Styria
in
1262,
the dukes approval was missing together with the
personal tribute of the king of Bohemia.
Přemysl
gained Carinthia as a „heritage
without any confirmation from the side of the Empire. Rudolf was very skilled in
utilizing these legal gaps and demanded that the king of Bohemia should apply
for additional fiefdomship which he could, but did not need to grant. In addition,
Přemysl
persisted in doubting Rudolph s royal election. At a council held in
Lyon in
1274,
the Pope favoured Rudolph. It was clear that a war was imminent.
In the meantime,
Přemysl
found himself in an increasing isolation. German
citizens, who until recently had admired the chivalry king
Otakar,
lay their hopes
on Rudolph, while the
Habsburg
propaganda described the „Czech as a tyrant
and usurper. He allegedly captured Austria and other territories cunningly and at
the expense of the Empire. As
Přemysl
failed to make peace with Hungary, danger
threatened from the east as well. The first confrontation occurred in autumn
1276.
Otakar s rule first completely disintegrated in
Styria,
Carinthia and finally in Aus¬
tria. Czech garrison forces were chased away. In the meantime, Rudolph marched
with the imperial army along the Danube River and met with divisions of rebelling
Austrian and South Alpine noblemen. Both armies met in front of Vienna. At the
decisive moment, however, some of the nobles rebelled in Bohemia. With such
threat at his back,
Otakar
had to capitulate.
A peace treaty was signed in front of Vienna at the end of ¡November
1276.
According to the treaty, the king of Bohemia had to give up Austria,
Styria, Ca-
/U4 rinthia and Egerland; conversely, Rudolph granted him (iefdom of the Kingdom ot
Otakar
її
Bohemia and the Margraviate of Moravia. Otakar s empire ceased to exist. Alter his
return,
Přemysl
had to deal with the rebellious nobles, mainly the Witigonen family
who held dominating positions in south Bohemia and Boresch of
Riesenburg in
the
north-west.
Přemysl
managed to suppress the rebellion in a short time, but he failed
to gain the nobility as a whole to his side. Rudolph was increasing his demands. He
persecuted the former Premysl s allies in Austria and gave refuge to the rebelling
Bohemian lords who were to cherish his protection. A war was imminent again and
both parties mobilized their allies. At last, Rudolph managed to get the Hungarian
king to his side with a promise to help.
The military campaign broke out in late summer
1278.
The Bohemian army
entered the Austrian territory and tried to seize the local forts. At the same time,
Rudolph concentrated his army and, as soon as he joined the Hungarian forces, he
proceeded along the
Morava
River. The Bohemian army was approaching from the
opposite side. The decisive clash broke out on 26th August
1278
between Diirnk-
rut and Jedenspeigen; this battle is known in the Czech historical memory as the
Battle on the Marchfeld. Heavily armoured knight cavalry played the main role on
both sides. The Habsburg-Hungarian armies won after a heavy fight, also thanks
to a military ploy (a surprising attack of the reserves to the enemy flank). King
Přemysl Otakar
fought until the last moment, but nothing is known about it. He
was probably tired by the long fight and surrendered, but was killed by some of his
personal enemies coming from the Austrian or Styrian noblemen.
Otakar s defeat and death initiated a period of strong disintegration in Bohemia
and Moravia. The royal power was shattered, the towns, rural areas and church prop¬
erty suffered. The successor to the throne, Otakar s young son Wenceslas, was taken
to Brandenburg. This period is referred to as the „time of bad years
(1278-1283)
in the Czech historiography. A reversal did not come to Bohemia until Wenceslas II
returned and it took a number of years before the circumstances calmed down.
Přemysl Otakar
II is one of the great rulers of the Bohemian Middle Ages. It
is not just because his „empire spread deep over the Alps to the Adriatic Sea.
It is because of the transformation and modernization which affected Bohemia
and Moravia. It involved support of towns and modification of monetary systems
connected with attempts to unify measurements and weights. The significance of
international commerce grew and reached as far as northern Italy. Contacts of Bo¬
hemian lands with foreign, mainly Italian universities (Padua and Bologna) intensi¬
fied under Premysl s rule. The king s policy towards the Jews (several important
privileges) shows some interesting features as well. However, he failed to disengage
himself from his ideas of the ruler s dominant power which had the right to touch
the property of noblemen and church, possibly in return for a replacement which,
however, may not have been adequate. This may explain why his relations with the
noblemen intensified. When his dispute with the Roman king Rudolph broke out,
he did not find support in his domestic nobility which he needed.
Translated by
Miroslav
Košek
705
RESUMÉ
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Žemlička, Josef 1946- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)134200845 |
| author_facet | Žemlička, Josef 1946- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Žemlička, Josef 1946- |
| author_variant | j ž jž |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039693010 |
| classification_rvk | NM 7395 NM 9570 NM 9600 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)767772636 (DE-599)BVBBV039693010 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039693010 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:00:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788074221187 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024541731 |
| oclc_num | 767772636 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 752 S. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Nakl. Lidové Noviny |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Edice Česká historie |
| series2 | Edice Česká historie |
| spellingShingle | Žemlička, Josef 1946- Přemysl Otakar II. král na rozhraní věků Edice Česká historie Ottokar Přemysl II. Böhmen, König 1232-1278 (DE-588)118590898 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118590898 |
| title | Přemysl Otakar II. král na rozhraní věků |
| title_auth | Přemysl Otakar II. král na rozhraní věků |
| title_exact_search | Přemysl Otakar II. král na rozhraní věků |
| title_full | Přemysl Otakar II. král na rozhraní věků Josef Žemlička |
| title_fullStr | Přemysl Otakar II. král na rozhraní věků Josef Žemlička |
| title_full_unstemmed | Přemysl Otakar II. král na rozhraní věků Josef Žemlička |
| title_short | Přemysl Otakar II. |
| title_sort | premysl otakar ii kral na rozhrani veku |
| title_sub | král na rozhraní věků |
| topic | Ottokar Přemysl II. Böhmen, König 1232-1278 (DE-588)118590898 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ottokar Přemysl II. Böhmen, König 1232-1278 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024541731&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024541731&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV045520379 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zemlickajosef premyslotakariikralnarozhraniveku |
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